Emiliano Zapata Essay -- essays research papers

Emiliano Zapata, conceived on August 8, 1879, in the town of Anenecuilco, Morelos (Mexico), Emiliano Zapata was of mestizo legacy and the child of a worker medier, (a tenant farmer or proprietor of a little plot of land). From the age of eighteen, after the passing of his dad, he needed to help his mom and three sisters and figured out how to do so effectively. The little ranch thrived enough to permit Zapata to increase the effectively decent status he had in his local town. In September of 1909, the inhabitants of Anenecuilco chose Emiliano Zapata leader of the town's "defense committee," a well established gathering accused of safeguarding the network's advantages. In this position, it was Zapata's obligation to speak to his town's privileges before the president-tyrant of Mexico, Porfirio Dã ­az, and the legislative leader of Morelos, Pablo Escandã ³n. During the 1880s, Mexico had encountered a blast in sugar stick creation, an advancement that prompted the ob taining of increasingly more land by the hacienderos or estate proprietors. Their estates developed while entire towns vanished and increasingly more medieros and different laborers lost their occupations or had to take a shot at the haciendas. It was under these conditions that an estate called El Hospital neighboring Zapata's town started infringing increasingly more upon the little ranchers' territories. This was the primary clash wherein Emiliano Zapata built up his notoriety for being a contender and pioneer. He drove different quiet occupations and re-divisions of land, expanding his status and his acclaim to give him territorial acknowledgment. In 1910, Francisco Madero, a child of well off manor proprietors, prompted an upheaval against the legislature of president Dã ­az. Despite the fact that a large portion of his thought processes were political (organization successful testimonial and deny re-appointments of presidents), Madero's progressive arrangement included arrangements for returning held onto terrains to laborer ranchers. The last turned into a revitalizing sob for the working class and Zapata started arranging local people into progressive groups, riding from town to town, tearing down hacienda fences and restricting the handled world class' infringement into their towns. On November 18, the central government started gathering together Maderistas (the devotees of Francisco Madero), and just forty after eight hours, the principal shots of the Mexican Revolution were discharged. While the legislature was trust... ...Morelos appeared at a changeless impasse. Carranza realized that he would never completely take Mexico while Zapata was as yet alive and responsible for his military. To free himself of his foe, Carranza conceived a snare. A letter had been captured in which Zapata welcomed a colonel of the Mexican armed force who had demonstrated leanings toward his motivation to meet and unite. This colonel, Jesã ºs Guajardo, under the danger of being executed as a trickster, professed to consent to meet Zapata and deformity to his side. On Thursday, April 10, 1919, Zapata strolled into Carranza's snare as he met with Guajardo in the town of Chinameca. There, at 2:10 PM, Zapata was shot and executed by government troopers, and as the man Zapata hit the ground, dead in a flash, the legend of Zapata arrived at its peak. Carranza didn't accomplish his objective by executing Zapata. Unexpectedly, in May of 1920, à lvaro Obregã ³n, one of Zapata's correct hand men, entered the capital with an eno rmous battling power of Zapatistas, and after Carranza had fled, shaped the seventy-third government in Mexico's history of autonomy. In this legislature, the Zapatistas assumed a significant job, particularly in the Department of Agriculture. Mexico was at last settled.

In Othello, Shakespeare Explores The Relationship Between Words And Ev

In Othello, Shakespeare investigates the connection among words and occasions. Spoken idea, in the play, has all the intensity of activity; talking about an occasion will make that occasion become reality for the individuals who hear - it will influence reality as though that occasion had occurred. Shakespeare shows the intensity of words powerfully through Othello's monologs. Othello battles with the reality that Iago makes for him. At the point when Othello talks, he uncovers that he can't prevent himself from doing acts that Iago's and his own words have forecasted and started. Othello's monologs further show that even the information on the intensity of words can't shield the characters from the results which the words request. Talking about an occasion is prediction in Othello, however it is something other than a target prognosticating of things to come. Words become the almighty initiators of activity, when spoken they can't be neutralized , only they decide the course of things to come. Othello's monolog before he kills Desdemona is a brilliant section to contemplate Shakespeare's proposition of how words identify with activity. 7 Put out the light, and afterward put out the light! 8 If I extinguish thee, thou blazing pastor, 9 I can again thy previous light reestablish 10 Should I atone me. Be that as it may, when turned off thy light, 11 Thou cunning'st example of exceeding expectations nature, 12 I know not where is that Promethean heat 13 That can thy previous light relume: when I have culled the 14 rose 15 I can't give it imperative development once more, 16 It needs should wilt. ? (Othello, 5.2.7-16, p. 306) Shakespeare establishes the pace of the section with one straightforward early on line, Put out the light, and afterward put out the light! The line starts: Put out the light, maybe it is an objective, maybe it is a basic definitive comment. Whatever the case, it was spoken, what's more, the second piece of the line and afterward put out the light! transforms the basic explanation into a sequential wonder with a explicit message about idea and activity. Initial an occasion is depicted and afterward it becomes reality by activity. The curtness of the line underscores the clear and unbreakable relationship of words and activity. All through the play there are various instances of words which become unavoidable outcomes for the individuals who hear them. Barbantio's words in the primary Act, Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see:/She has tricked her dad, and may thee. (Othello, 1.3.293-294, p.154) become fundamental reality for Othello. The prediction of the old Egyptian lady to Othello's mom in respects to the hanky Othello provided for Desdemona likewise turns into Othello's existence, despite the fact that Desdemona didn't really part with it. (Othello, 3.4.56-65, p.244) Finally Iago satisfies the prediction of his own words, I have't, it is incited! Hellfire and night/Will carry this colossal birth to the world's light. (Othello, 2.1.402-403, p.161) All of these examples fall into the example of words turning out to be fundamental real factors as comprehended through Put out the light, and the put out the light! Despite the fact that there is a such an incredible proclamation about the certainty of words prompting activity toward the start of the entry, there is uncertainty and dithering tailing it straightforwardly. On the off chance that Othello follows his own model in Put out the light, and afterward put out the light! at that point there ought to be no thought or addressing how he should act once the thought has been caused, to utilize Iago's expressing. It is hard to accommodate the following five lines of examining activity to the striking explanation in the main line; anyway I think there are some intriguing supporting focuses which can be drawn from the following five lines. Right off the bat, while Othello considers the theoretical idea of what he is going to do, he not even once offers voice to an idea of deterrence. He interested by what he is going to do, pulled in to it (maybe the light similitude for slaughtering Desdemona is itself a representation for Othello's moth-like fascination in the fire expressed thoughts)- he moves towards his activity completely aware of the certainty of his choice. Othello discusses atoning when he discusses re-lighting the flame in just the vaguest terms, Should I apologize me. At the point when he talks about murdering Desdemona his language gets strong, However once put out thy light,/Thou cunning'st example of exceeding expectations nature,. Here, Othello verges on scrutinizing his settled strategy. Strikingly,

How to make your Blog Post Image Responsive

How to make your Blog Post Image Responsive Blogger latest trend is using responsive template thus it can be fit in any device. But if there are many blog user still using non-responsive template. As a result if non-responsive template open in Smartphone or tablet then images will display larger and some image will go out of the Blog post Body. To solve this issue we should make our Blog post image responsive. Thus image can be resized according to the device resolution. By the help of CSS we can easily make our all Blog image responsive. In this code I have define the width 100% that means if your Blog post body width is 500px or 700px then image will be same width according to your post body width. And height is always auto, as a result this code will help you to change the image width only not height. And actual height will be display in Blog post. You can see the Demo from below image. Just follow the below steps to make all Blog post image responsive. Step 1Log in to yourBlogger Accountand Go to yourBlogger Dashboard Step 2Click on Now click on-Template-Edit HTML- Step 3Now find the/b:skinby pressing Ctrl+F (Windows) or CMD+F (Mac) Step 4Copy and Paste below code above/before/b:skin .post-body img { max-width:100%; height:auto; } Step 5Now hit theSavetemplatebutton. Now check your Blog post in any device and see your all images resizing according to device size. I hope this tutorial will help you to make your Blog post image responsive. Thank you.

Night by Elie Wiesel - 1271 Words

THE CONTEXT ESSAY Written response to a prompt- a statement about the theme which you are required to â€Å"break open† in your response. Theme – â€Å"rites of passage† Example of a prompt: â€Å"Rites of passage presents obstacles which must be overcome† The context essay can take three forms: Expository Persuasive Imaginary THE PROMPT The prompt or stimulus is what must be addressed in relation to the texts you have explored. Sometimes there may be an image as well as text Discussion of the prompt is the prime task of your writing You can agree or disagree with the prompt You can give a point of view as well as a personal reflection/experience. TWO TASKS CONTEXT WRITING: Over the next three weeks, you will write one piece in each of†¦show more content†¦You are to be interviewing (interviewee) Billy Elliot, after his opening performance as the principle dancer in Swan Lake (end of film). The interviewer is particularly interested in Billy’s journey to selection at the Royal Ballet School in London. For the task you must also make up the name of the TV program and the interviewer 400 - 500 words only PERSUASIVE PERSUASIVE WRITING BASICS Persuasive writing attempts to influence the reader to agree with a particular view point It can be used in both fiction and non-fiction WHAT TO INCLUDE The most important element is a MAIN CINTENTION It must also include key reasons /arguments to help persuade the reader to share you view Other inclusions are: quotations, evidence, details, examples FORMS Letter to the editor ï‚ ® Shows a clear view point of view, can be personalized with the use of anecdotes, has your name and suburb at the end Editorial ï‚ ® Works towards a strong contention that represents a newspapers official, uses formal language Opinion Piece ï‚ ® Has convincing evidence, includes a headline, can be quite opinionated THE PROMPT â€Å"Rites of Passage are dangerous when they teach us to conform†. The form is optional, choose your own EXAM Preparing to respond to the prompt on the exam ThinkShow MoreRelatedNight by Elie Wiesel646 Words   |  3 PagesTen years after WWII, Elie Wiesel’s novel Night was published in 1955. Night describes â€Å"his memories of life inside four different Nazi death camps,† as he was one of the few Jews to survive the Holocaust during WWII (Sanderson). Wiesel’s autobiographical novel makes him â€Å"the best-known contemporary Holocaust writer and novelist,† and reveals the impact of the concentration camps on humanity and for the individual (Sibelman).As a negative Bildungsroman, Night depicts â€Å"a coming of age story in whichRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesNight is a first-hand account of life for Elie Wiesel as a young Jewish teenage boy living in Hungary and eventually sent to Auschwitz with his family. The moment his family exits the cattle car the horror of Auschwitz sets in. His mother and sisters become separated from him and his father immediately, their fate seale d. Elie stays with his father and right away a stranger is giving them tips on how to survive and stay together. Immediately told to lie about their ages, making Elie a little olderRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel1372 Words   |  6 Pageselse† (Wiesel ix). Years after he was liberated from the concentration camp at Buchenwald, Elie Wiesel wrote Night as a memoir of his life and experiences during the Holocaust, while a prisoner in the Nazi concentration camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald. Scholars often refer to the Holocaust as the â€Å"anti-world†. This anti-world is an inverted world governed by absurdity. The roles of those living in the anti-world are reversed and previous values and morals are no longer important. Elie Wiesel portraysRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel1083 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 1960 novel, Night, Elie Wiesel utilizes several literary devices, including the symbology of nighttime, motif of religious practices, and theme of father-son relationships , in order to emphasize the atrocities of the Holocaust specifically for Jews. Wiesel’s first hand experience in concentration camps allows for a vivid retelling of what many people had to endure. The symbolic portrayal of the nighttime helps to add a deeper meaning to the text. The title of the novel, Night, brings the symbolRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel1087 Words   |  5 PagesNight by Elie Wiesel The aim of this book review is to analyze Night, the autobiographical account of Elie Wiesel’s horrifying experiences in the German concentration camps. Wiesel recounted a traumatic time in his life with the goal of never allowing people to forget the tragedy others had to suffer through. A key theme introduced in Night is that these devastating experiences shifted the victim s view of life. By providing a summary, critique, and the credentials of the author Elie Wiesel, thisRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel1476 Words   |  6 PagesIn Night, by Elie Wiesel, one man tells his story of how he survived his terrible experience during the Holocaust. Wiesel takes you on a journey through his â€Å"night† of the Holocaust, and how he survived the world’s deadliest place, Auschwitz-Birkenau. Elie Wiesel will captivate you on his earth shattering journey through his endless night. Elie Wiesel’s book Night forces you to open your eyes to the real world by using; iron y, diction, and repetition to prove that man does have the capability toRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel1661 Words   |  7 PagesNight Sequel Proposal Night is an account of the Holocaust and persecution of the Jewish people, written by Elie Wiesel. Elie Wiesel wrote, â€Å"Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky† (Night). Remembering the events of the Holocaust andRead MoreThe Night By Elie Wiesel996 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand how deeply literal and symbolic the book entitled Night by Elie Wiesel is. The novel brings light to the reader about what the Jews faced while in the fire, hell and night; nonetheless, the author portrays each and every day during this year as a night in hell of conflagration. Were this conflagration to be extinguished one day, nothing would be left in the sky but extinct stars and unseeing eyes. (Wiesel 20). When Wiesel arrived a t the camp he counted the longest dreadful ten stepsRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel809 Words   |  4 Pagespractically unbearable. Everyday you wake up with this feeling that you’re going to die; sometimes you don’t even fear this happening. In the book â€Å"Night† the author Elie Wiesel takes the reader to a place in time that they wouldn‘t ever want to journey to. He gives you a picture of the real gruesomeness and terrifying circumstances that came from the Holocaust. Wiesel tells of his time spent at the Auschwitz concentration camp, and then to Buchenwald. Though the book is only a little over one-hundred pagesRead MoreThe Night By Elie Wiesel1636 Words   |  7 PagesElie Wiesel s Night chronicles his experience surviving in a concentration camp. He, along with every other Jew in his town, and many more throughout Europe, were sent to concentration camps for no fault of their own. Hitler, the fascist dictator of Germany and most of Europe, hated t hem because of their religion. He considered them a separate, inferior race and created the concentration camps to kill them all. Elie lost his mother, little sister, father, and nearly everyone he knew to these factories

The Biological Basis of Language Development Essay

The Biological Basis of Language Development The principles and rules of grammar are the means by which the forms of language are made to correspond with the universal froms of thought....The structures of every sentence is a lesson in logic. BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LANGUAGE [H]uman knowledge is organized de facto by linguistic competence through language performance, and our exploration of reality is always mediated by language (Danchin 29). Most higher vertebrates possess ‘intuitive knowledge’ which occurs as the result of slow evolution of species. However, the ability to create knowledge through language is unique to humans. According to Benjamin Whorf, language†¦. is not merely a reproducing instrument from voicing†¦show more content†¦The scholars considering spoken language acquisition have divided over internal and external causation dichotomy. Two prototypical models of language acquisition are selectivist and constructivist models, respectively. The selectivist model, which depends on internal causation argument, can be associated with Noam Chomsky. The selectivist model assumes that language template is pre-organized in the neuronal structure of the brain, so that the fact of being an integral part of a given en vironment selects the borders of each individual neuronal structure, without affecting its fine organization, which pre-exists (Danchin 30). The constructivist model, which assumes external causation of language acquisition, follows lines drawn by behaviorists such as Piaget and Skinner. This model assumes that language is built up constantly from a continuous interaction with a well-structured environment (Danchin 30). NOAM CHOMSKYS VIEW ON LANGUAGE Noam Chomsky basic argument is that there exists an innate language acquisition device, a neural program that prepares them to learn language (Kandel 638). Chomsky assumes the existence of a genetically determined system of rules, which he refers to as universal grammar, underlying all tongues. According to Chomsky, a language template is set up by the special language organ of the brain. Chomsky doesShow MoreRelatedLanguage And Development Of Language, Experience, Maturation And Readiness With The Aid Of A Child1143 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage plays a significant role in the process of transmitting knowledge and culture among mankind. Everyone learns a language at the early stages of life. From birth to seven years, a tremendous development of language skills is seen in a child. The essay states the various developmental phases of phonetics, morphology, semantics and syntax in a child. The behaviourist and cognitive theories states that nature and nurture plays a vital role in this process. The essay also throws light onRead MoreIs It A Critical Period For Sla?1288 Words   |  6 Pages3) CPH for SLA. 3.1) Is there a critical period for SLA? Since L1 acquisition is almost uniformly successful across languages, countries, and cultures, CPH research is primarily concerned with maturational constraints affecting acquisition of L2 rather than the acquisition of our mother tongue. The existence of a critical period for SLA is all the more disputed for several reasons. Most notably, adults as well as children, who have already acquired an L1, logically differ more markedly in learnerRead MoreThe Theory Of Language Development1606 Words   |  7 PagesP1 Language development Biological approach- Noam Chomsky believes that the ability to develop any sort of communication and language is genetically programmed into us. Because children develop language very fast it is likely that the ability to use language is genetically programmed within us like standing and walking is. We need experience from people around us to use language but we do not need to be trained to speak. Behaviourist approach- B.F. Skinner believes that language is developed throughRead MoreThe Developmental Stages Of Psychological Development1466 Words   |  6 Pageshumans go through a long path of development. Physical growth occurs along this path, but along with it, the most important and fundamental component of every human being also happens, this is known as psychological development. In reality, there are different evolutionary stages of psychological development by which all individuals must go through and complete in order to become self-sufficient, each with its special characteristics. The cognitive development of children has a lot involved withRead MoreThe Developmental Stages Of Psychological Development1494 Words   |  6 Pageshumans go through a long path of development. Physical growth occurs along this path, but along with it, the most important and fundamental component of every human being also happens, this is known as psychological development. In reality, there are different evolutionary stages of psychological development by which all individuals must go through and complete in order to become self-sufficient, each with its special characteristics. The cognitive development of children has a lot involved withRead MoreThe Biological Basis Of Personality Approach1747 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will give a description of Personality before critically analysing the biological basis of personality approach. The biological basis approach tries to account for the mechanisms between genes and personality by looking at various different brain structures whilst the biochemical approach looks at the impact of hormones and neurotransmitters. The majority of our understanding of personality from a biological perspective focuses on the three main behavioural systems; the reward system, theRead MoreThe Usefulness Of Animal Models1052 Words   |  5 Pages‘Nevertheless, experimentation with animals has been critical to medical research..’ (Kalat, 2014:22) and ‘in many areas of medicine and biological psychology, research would progress slowly or not at all without animals’ (Kalat, 2014:22). In this essay I wil l discuss the usefulness of animal models in research in relation to brain and behaviour for human psychobiology. ‘Biological psychologists study the animal roots of behaviours, relating actions and experiences to genetics and physiology’ (Kalat, 2014:1)Read MoreAndy Clarks Natural-Born Cyborgs Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesordinary biological human life is not to be feared, either psychologically or morally. Clark offers several key concepts towards his line of reasoning. Clark argues that a human being thinks and reasons based on the biological brain and body dynamically linked with the culture and technological tools transparently accessible to the human. This form of thinking and reasoning develops new quot;thinking systemsquot; that which over time become second nature thoughts and reasons and are the basis of evenRead MoreThe Theory Of Sexuality By Sigmund Freud1654 Words   |  7 Pagesobtaining satisfaction from one’s own body. This feature, which Freud terms â€Å"auto-erotism†, is a key feature of infantile sexuality as it helps to develop erotogenic zones (47). For example, the infant finds pleasure in breastfeeding, which is a biological function for survival, and in the absence of a breast the infant seeks to reproduce this sensation in other ways such as thumb-sucking (45). In this case, the lips become an erotogenic zone, but as the child develops the sexual drive becomes fixatedRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Nature And Behavior1178 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of characteristics, mannerisms, and unique traits that are not found in many other organisms across the globe. Two such characteristics, namely language and communication, are so distinct that they can be regarded as the main components for the development and creation of human nature itself, acting as the basis for human consciousness and development. However, although these social constructs appear to vary in their differences they are almost equally matched in number by their similarities. Both

Character Analysis Of Charlotte s Web And Their Influence...

Every novel contains characters that plays a significant role in development of plot. Primarily, what is the definition of a character, usually it means person, animal, or figure that are shown in a literature work. There are many characters in Charlotte’s Web and their influence on people that are going to be discussed in an essay. Animals in this story plays significant role and act almost like a humans. Moreover, animals present the biggest main characters in the book. Charlotte’s Web starts from a story about young pig, who was born on a farm. His name is Wilbur, he was the weakest piglet of offspring, because of that farmer wanted to kill him. However, farmer’s daughter- Fern stopped him and asked to look after Wilbur. The Father decided to give little pig to his daughter for teaching purposes. Fern cared about piglet very well and attached to him. When Wilbur became bigger, the Fern’s family decide to give him to her uncle and aunt, who lived nearby and had their own farm. From this place the main points of the story begins. The story continues with more characters that will play a significant role in life of the main character of the book- Wilbur. (White, E.B.) The main character is Wilbur. The pig, who now lives on the farm of Fern’s aunt and uncle. He had a fortune couple of times, first, when he was born a runt and was saved from death by one young girl. She look after him like a real baby. When he became older, there are might be noticed the character of Wilbur,Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Works of E. B. White1540 Words   |  7 Pages1925, a new magazine known as the The New Yorker appeared. White wanted a job there, so he decided to send in an essay of his and it was soon published. Soon after, he was offered a job. According to S. Ward, his writing helped make The New Yorker a success. White’s most important literary influence was Henry David Thoreau, the author of Walden: Or, Life In The Woods and it was the only book that White cared about owning (Bill Delaney). According to Delaney, Thoreau’s subtle humor and individualisticRead More Gender Issues in Childrens Literature: Then and Now Essay3293 Words   |  14 PagesGender Issues in Childrens Literature: Then and Now Charlottes Web, Anne of Green Gables, Treasure Island, Cinderella and Grimms Brothers fairy tales, have all been treasures of societys basic childrens literature. They covered their share of beauties, villains, conflicts and happy-endings that many of us remember till this day. But were we as societys children aware of the impact these stories made on our views of men and women? Although parents, teachers and other socializing agentsRead MoreFeminist Analysis : The Yellow Wallpaper 2184 Words   |  9 PagesJoe Purcaro English 155 Literary Analysis 04/17/2016 Feminism in the Yellow Wallpaper Everyone experiences life, whether it be happy times, bad times; it’s one big circle every human being goes through. In the story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper, which is a feminist story that portrays the terror of the rest cure which is a period spent in inactivity or leisure with the intention of improving one s physical or mental health. Women especially, as it opposes manyRead MoreWomen, Hair, And Cancer10628 Words   |  43 Pages(social) Media [†¦]After going downstairs, for breakfast, Leonda picks up the remote and clicks on the TV. She â€Å"channels surfs† until she comes across a network morning show that has the stat of a big new Hollywood movie as a guest. [†¦] Later [†¦], [s]he spends the rest of the period flipping through a â€Å"women’s† magazine featuring articles- and many advertisements- on fashion, makeup, health, and personal relationships. [†¦] She has also been using an Internet â€Å"bulletin board† to post ideas and toRead More The Rise and Fall of the Eugnics Movement Essay3928 Words   |  16 Pagesscientific and social revolution during the late 19th century through the Second World War. This essay will explore the topic of eugenics which has disappeared from today’s science textbooks. This includes a thorough history of the origin of eugenics, the people behind its movement, as well as its application in society. Sir Francis Galton Sir Francis Galton first coined the term ‘eugenics’ in 1883. Under his definition, eugenics was the â€Å"study of agencies under social control that may improve orRead MoreEnglish Source Doc.7581 Words   |  31 PagesTitle: Dracula: Stoker s Response to the New Woman Author(s): Carol A. Senf Publication Details: Victorian Studies 26.1 (Autumn 1982): p33-49. Source: Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker. Vol. 156. Detroit: Gale, 2006. From Literature Resource Center. Document Type: Critical essay Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale, COPYRIGHT 2007 Gale, Cengage Learning Full Text:   [(essay date autumn 1982) In the following essay, Senf contends that, contraryRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 PagesBackground of author Name: Charlotte Bronte Birth/Death: April 21, 1816 to March 31,1855 Facts that connect: Mr. Brocklehurst is based off the Reverend Carus Wilson, the man who ran Cowan Bridge. Bronte lost two of her sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, to tuberculosis at Cowan Bridge. Bronte s brother, Patrick, became addicted to drugs and alcohol before he died. Similarities: She, along with her three sisters, was sent to the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge. Charlotte Bronte lost her mother whenRead MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagespromotion of peace through education is at the heart of UNESCO’s mission. As stated in its constitution of 1945, UNESCO advances international peace and the common welfare of humanity through educational, scientific and cultural relations between peoples of the world. Though the world has changed over the past sixty years and continues to change at an ever increasing rate, UNESCO’s mission - a commitment to promoting universal values of peace and nonviolence, human rights and social justice, interculturalRead MoreT.S. Eliot s The Fire Sermon - a Poem Analysis Focusing on the Elements of Nature5145 Words   |  21 PagesT.S. Eliot The Fire Sermon An analysis of the poem focusing on the elements of nature Joachim TRAUN 0004165 301/341 It is just a piece of rhythmical grumbling (T.S. Eliot on The Waste Land) Table of contents page 1. Introduction 4 2. T.S. Eliot- a brief biography 4 3. The fire sermon 5 3.1 Structure 6 3.2 Intertextuality 6 3.3 Interpretation 8 3.3.1 Water 8 3.3.2 City 11 3.3.3 Fusion 13 4. Conclusion 14 Bibliography 1. Introduction There are not many poemsRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pageseducation,[2] or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3] in which character change is extremely important.[4][5] Contents [hide] 1 Origin 2 Plot outline 3 Examples 3.1 Precursors 3.2 17th century 3.3 18th century 3.4 19th century 3.5 20th century 3.6 21st century 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further

Project Lead for Journal of Construction Management- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Lead for Journal of Construction Management. Answer: Qualities of a good project leader According to Lloyd-Walker and Walker (2011), to become a leader in a major project, individuals need to possess certain qualities that can help them to achieve the greater things in the project. The qualities of a project leader need to be such that the individuals possessing it can be able to adapt to the changes that are required in the business environment. In this regard, the qualities of project leader need to include having a good vision about the ways to articulate changes in the project. Visionary leaders have the ability to motivate people and make them feel the things that are most important to them. The provide empowerment to the people and encourage them to take decisions that help in the development of a good project. As stated by Mller and Turner (2010) opportunities are provided to the employees to create own vision. At the same time, other qualities include being communicative and display a sense of passion and compassion while working with the team. The competence an d the delegation of the roles can help individuals become an effective leader in project management. Leaders also need to possess the ability to solve complex problems. Requirement of hard and soft skills Hard and soft skills of an individual help in maintaining the proper application of job and provide an individual with the necessary experience required for success. According to Zhao, Hwang and Lee (2016), hard and soft skills need to exist side by side so that an individual can gain the necessary exposure while gaining success at the professional level. The hard skills are the teachable abilities or the skills required that easy to quantify. On the other hand, the soft skills are the practical abilities that are derived from the attitudes of the people. In this regard, it can be said that the hard and soft skills together form the personality of the individuals. This can have a severe effect on the leadership abilities of an individual and consequently help in the development of the character. Hence, it can be said that the leadership abilities of an individual are affected by the hard and soft skill they possess and the manner in which they can apply it in the business world. Thes e skills are important for the effective development of character as well as helping a team to bind together. Concept of leadership Pinto, Patanakul and Pinto (2017) stated that leadership is one of the most important attributes that individuals need to develop during the managing employees. Without proper leadership, it can be difficult for individuals to motivate and guide the employees in a proper. Leadership qualities vary between people based on the personalities and the skills of the individuals. The ability to lead a group of people and organisations in an effective manner keeping in mind the goals of the organisations makes an effective leader. In the case of leadership in project management, it is necessary that the individuals possess certain qualities that are essential for the successful implementation and development of projects (Fairhurst and Connaughton 2014). The leadership attributes are defined by the various styles that are required for the successful guidance of the employees. The styles are based on the personalities of the individuals. These styles help to ensure that every individual can de velop proper qualities of being a leader and ensure that the teamwork in a cooperative manner. However, it needs to be kept in mind that the style of leadership styles needs to be in accordance with the team members. The leadership styles are based on the type of employees in the organisation. Task to undertake to be a good project leader The task to undertake as a project leader is a seven-step process that is necessary for conducting a research in a proper manner. The first and foremost task that needs to be done is the evaluation of a situation. The evaluation of the situation is an important task as the environment of the project need to be determined by the implementation of the project. The evaluation is based on the principles of the environment and the manner in which it can be implemented for the successful development of a project. According to Northouse (2018), the analysis of the environment and the resources of the project need to be determined based on the qualities possessed by the managers. At the same time, the designing of the projects is also an important factor as the planning need to be done based on the proper implementation of a design. Hence, it can be said that the necessity of hard and soft skills can be determined based on the manner in which implementation of a project is processed. The mon itoring of the process of work is another important task that requires being completed so that the leaders can have a proper closure on the abilities of the employees. Qualities of a leader in project management After the analysis of the assignment, it can be said that to become a project manager it is necessary that every individual develop certain qualities that are required for the successful implementation of the project. As stated by Antonakis and Day (2017), one of the essential qualities of a leader in a project management includes the ability to have excellent communication and interpersonal skills. In the modern world, maintaining communication between employee and employer are necessary for the proper conduct of project management. The ability to share the vision of the leaders and the ability to inspire others is important for the development of a leader in project management. Another important point stated by Fairhurst and Connaughton (2014) includes the ability to solve problems. Every team will face problems in one respect or the other. The ability to solve the problem in a proper manner and effectively develops the qualities of a leader. Thus, it can be said that leadership qu alities are important for the effective development of project management. Reference Antonakis, J., and Day, D. V. (Eds.). (2017).The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Fairhurst, G. T., and Connaughton, S. L. (2014). Leadership: A communicative perspective.Leadership,10(1), 7-35. Goleman, D. (2017).Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Lloyd-Walker, B., and Walker, D. (2011). Authentic leadership for 21st century project delivery. International Journal of Project Management, 29(4), 383-395. Mller, R., and Turner, R. (2010). Leadership competency profiles of successful project managers. International Journal of Project Management, 28(5), 437-448. Northouse, P. G. (2018).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Pinto, J. K., Patanakul, P., and Pinto, M. B. (2017). The aura of capability: Gender bias in selection for a project manager job. International Journal of Project Management, 35(3), 420-431 Zhao, X., Hwang, B. G., and Lee, H. N. (2016). Identifying critical leadership styles of project managers for green building projects. International Journal of Construction Management, 16(2), 150-160.

How to Publish More Compelling Content on LinkedIn

by Eric Hoppe LinkedIn is no longer just a platform to network with other business professionals; it has become one of the leading channels for publishing and sharing original content. By providing useful and interesting content, you can build your personal reputation and boost the profile of your business or website. To create content that attracts attention and engages the LinkedIn audience, you need the right attitude and content strategy. Here, we’ll look at how to create more compelling LinkedIn content that gets read and shared. The Benefits of LinkedIn for Businesses With the ability to direct content at specific audience sectors, LinkedIn is a powerful platform for generating more qualified traffic and potential leads. According to a report on Buffer App, LinkedIn can send around four times more visitors to your homepage than Facebook or Twitter. While you may not get as many shares as Facebook or Twitter, the content you publish on LinkedIn could be more valuable to your business. Long-form postswill also help your SEO content strategy, as they are searchable on and off LinkedIn. Making Your Posts More Engaging Before publishing anything on LinkedIn, think about the needs of your target audience. What do they really want to read about? By focusing on what you know and keeping the audience in mind, you have a much better chance of connecting with your readers and providing valuable content. The most engaging content is written from a professional perspective, but in a conversational tone. Some ideas for topics: – What tricks do you use to help you work more efficiently? – What have you learned from your failures? – Which companies have inspired you? – How do you balance your work and personal life? – What is your stance regarding a current news topic, and how does it relate to your business? By responding to comments and sharing your expertise, you’re more likely to engage other readers and receive more feedback. This will make your articles more valuable and credible. Writing engaging posts is a great start, but if nobody sees them, what’s the point? Keep the following in mind to ensure your posts attract more attention: – Be consistent. In order to build a following, it’s a good idea to publish on a regular basis so that your readers know they can rely on you for new content. Try to publish a new post every week. – Write long-form posts. It increases your credibility and your chances of being found via search engines. – Be specific. Pick a niche you understand, and focus on providing content for this target audience. – Publish early in the week. Studies have shown that Tuesday is probably the best day to publish, as people seem to share more content on this day, and increasingly less toward the weekend. Make Your Posts More Shareable Getting more shares not only increases the opportunity to generate more leads, it’s also a vote of confidence. To get seen by more people and increase your credibility, try the following: – Link to your articles. Promoting your posts both inside and outside of LinkedIn maximizes your exposure, which is key to content success. When it’s relevant, share your posts on your other online platforms such as your website and other social media platforms. Linking to other posts is also a great way to build relationships with other businesses. – Use catchy titles. Many LinkedIn users will scan headlines and only click on the titles that jump out at them. Draw attention to your posts with interesting and intriguing titles. A strong title also helps you keep focused during writing. – Check your analytics. LinkedIn has built in analytics to help you monitor the progress of your content. Find out which articles get more views and shares, and then optimize future content to try to repeat past successes. How to Get Featured in Pulse Pulse by LinkedIn is the professional news and content sharing app that helps you find content relevant to you. If your content is high quality and gains enough popularity, it could be featured on Pulse. Here’s how to improve your chances of success: – Write niche content that is aimed at specific business groups – Write content that is relevant to your followers and target audience – Write original, thought-provoking content – Use memorable titles – Encourage people to comment and then respond to comments – Encourage people to share your posts Ultimately, publishing compelling content on LinkedIn is similar to creating content for your blog, website, or other social media channels. Listen to what your target audience wants and then publish consistently useful content. Having trouble creating a steady stream of unique content to publish? Buy content with our article writing service to easily drive traffic to your site also and increase your authority on LinkedIn.

T00583377 Essays - Tayeb, Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

T00583377 Essays - Tayeb, Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers G.S T00583377 ACADEMIC RESPONSE TO "A HANDFUL OF DATES" BY TAYEP SALIH. The story is about the flashback which is narrated by the boy, Tayeb. the author reveals the innocence, nature as well as love and respect for his grandfather. In the story the boy Tayeb treat his grandfather as a god because he teaches him Koran. As he describes, "I love him and would imagine myself, when I grew to be a man, tall and slender like him"(Salih, 1969, p.138). everyone faces a strong relationship with their grandparents when they are child. I feel that experience to I admired my grandmother because they teach me to work hard in life if you want to be successful in your life. In the story the boy Tayeb admired his grandfather but when he realized that her grandfather was a greedy and ambitious person than he changed her feelings about her. I enjoyed the point of view in first person and the way he describes his feelings of love and admiration about his grandfather because I also feel the same strong feelings of love and admiration about my dad and my grandfather.

Sociological View of the Gender Wage Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Sociological View of the Gender Wage Gap - Essay Example This fact when established was exasperating to many working women since even though the education and training of a neurosurgeon may be a highly cumbersome process, the significance of a neurosurgeon is not hard to determine. The establishment of this fact has shown that the wage gap between men and women is not based on qualification, but is indeed founded upon prejudice based on sexual discrimination. Overtime, the wage rate difference between men and women has decreased so much so that women are now being recorded to make 80% of what men make as compared to the startling 60% that was recorded in 1970. Over time, laws and clauses have been introduced to tackle this problem and to extract and eliminate the element of sexism influencing pay scales in the work place, yet the issue still prevails (The Council of Economic Advisers, 1998). Some critics and analysts choose to deny the wage gap between the two sexes, yet as more and more women join the work force the gap only appears more clearly every year. Congress took stern note of sexual discrimination influencing wage rates when in 1963, through the Equal Pay Act, an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act. But this was not the first time discrimination in the work place had been addressed in the corridors of power. Before 1963 came the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990, and then later in 1964 The Civil Rights Act also addressed the issue as did the Discrimination in Employment Act later in 1967. These laws were put into place by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and adherence to them is overseen by the same (The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2008). Legislation has addressed wage discrimination very specifically. Pay differential factors have been outlined to be merit rather than sex and it has been specified that a difference between the job content and the job title is to be observed. Jobs are not to be judged or remunerated by the title that they entail but by the contents, responsibilities and the nature of those responsibilities that they necessitate. Also, it has been delineated that the skills required for the job are to be considered a factor contributing to the pronouncement of the wage rather than the sum of skills that a person possess. The wages can differ based upon working conditions such as environmental hazards and mental or physical exertion but not under any condition upon the gender of the employee. Influenced by an increase in the wage gap observed by the U.S. Census Bureau, it has been suggested that the wage gap between the sexes can be eliminated by increasing the minimum wage level and enforcing acts such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Acts more assertively. It has also been suggested that women should be entitled to more family friendly work environment policies so as to allow them to bear and balance the burden of the responsibility of their families as well as of the work place (Longley, 2004). Certain multinational organizations have heeded this suggestion and have established programs such as day care centers for the children of the female employees and special paid maternal leaves to allow women to exercise their role in

Factors that influence female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia Essay

Factors that influence female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The first issue is that it puts further pressure on the male jobseekers; second, it contradicts social customs that prelude women from working in environments where they can openly mix with men. As such, women prefer to work in environments that respect the local customs and traditions, but also allow them to contribute fully to the country’s economic development. The current economic status of Saudi women is unknown, as there are no recent government figures. However, a 2004 study carried out by King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah states that women held nearly 30 percent of the bank accounts in the kingdom, with deposits worth SR62 billion, held 20 percent of corporate shares, own 15 percent of private companies and 10 percent of the real estate sector (Abdul Ghafour, 4 June 2004). The status of the Saudi economy remains untouched by the recent global financial crisis because of high oil revenues. Thus, the lavish lifestyles of Saudis, particularly women, have not changed at all. Despite all of these socioeconomic figures, the beauty salon industry is being squeezed in this economy because businesswomen prefer to invest in safe business opportunities. The Saudi beauty salon industry is huge, yet it is not a trouble-free industry. There are large risk factors in this industry, particularly inherent operational risk. This type of risk can be divided into two subcategories: (1) internal risk, which comes from within the industry and its daily practices; and (2) external risk, which is derived from outside factors such as governmental amendments or social ethics. According to a study carried out by Ghaida Aljerfani, who is a member of the Eastern Province Chamber of Commerce, more than 150 beauty salons are put up for sale every month. This number is quite significant compared to similar industries.

Market Research Report Energy and Sports Drink Market Growth in Asia Essay Example for Free

Market Research Report Energy and Sports Drink Market Growth in Asia Essay The changing consumer preferences, demand for functional beverages, increasing awareness towards healthy lifestyles and growing urban population in Asia would be the major factors that would drive the market in coming years. An increasing awareness towards healthy lifestyles has led to a transition in the taste and preferences of people in Asia. The young urban population has been the target customer for energy and sports drink brands in this region. The energy and sports drinks are majorly consumed by professional sports people, gym goers and by working professionals and students that require a special beverage in order to boost their energy and stay active. â€Å"The increasing participation of the health conscious people in sports and fitness activities has greatly impacted the growth trend of sports and energy drink market in Asia. The young population aged 25-35 years represents a potential group of customers for the energy and sports drink manufacturers in the region. † – According to the research report ‘Asia Energy and Sports Drink Market Outlook to 2017’ by Ken Research. The increasing media exposure towards sporting events on television has captured the attention of people, which in turn has encouraged the youth to adopt sports as a profession or as a hobby. This has impelled the growth of sports drinks in Asian countries over the last few years. Sports drinks market in Asia is dominated by famous brands such as Gatorade, Powerade and Pocari Sweat. Red Bull majorly has dominated the energy drink market in the region. Red Bull has effectively maintained a strong distribution channel in various countries in Asia such as in India, China, Japan, Thailand and in South Korea. The energy and sports drink market is anticipated to be driven by the growing trend of health and fitness is expected to create significant demand in Asian countries. The consumer expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages is expected to surge in the region owing to the rise in disposable incomes of the people. The rising awareness about fitness and health benefits among the people in the region will encourage more people to join fitness and sports clubs which will drive the demand and consumption of energy and sports drink in the coming years. The report provides detailed overview on the energy and sports drink market in Asia and help reader to identify the ongoing trends in the key segments of the industry and anticipated growth in future depending upon changing industry dynamics in coming years. The report will aid industry consultants, food and beverage service companies and marketing companies and other stakeholders to align their market centric strategies according to ongoing and expected trends in future. For More Details Please Click On Following Link: http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/asia-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/429-104. html http://www. kenresearch. com/press/news-asia-energy-and-sports-drink-market/211. html Related Links: http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/japan-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/432-104.html http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/south-korea-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/433-104. Html http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/india-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/431-104. html http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/thailand-energy-and-sports-market-research-report/434-104. html http://www. kenresearch. com/agriculture-food-beverages/beverages/china-energy-and-sports-drink-market-research-report/430-104. html.

AIDS/HIV Essay -- Health, Diseases

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles and syringes, mother to child (perinatal) and contaminated blood product (National Association of Health Authorities, 1988). 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH Late HIV diagnosis remains a major problem among black Africans in England. In 2007, about 42 per cent of black Africans diagnosed with HIV were diagnosed late (HPA, 2008a). This compromises their survival chances because evidence indicates that starting treatment with a CD4 cell count below 200 copies/mm3 (a measure of the degree to which an individual’s immune system is compromised) increases the risk of disease progression and death (Gazzard, 2008). The reasons for late diagnosis among black Africans are not clear, but include persistent HIV-related stigma and discrimination (WHO, 2006). Fakoya et al. (2008) identified cultural, social and structural barriers, such as access to testing and care, fear of death and disease, lack of political will, restrictive immigration policies and lack of African representation in decision-making processes. There is a desperate need to understand the social context of the disease both in terms of the migrants' region of origin as well as in their new United Kingdom (UK) communities. The British government is yet to address the steep rise in rates of the disease among heterosexuals and a new Aids awareness campaign targeted at those most at risk of spreading it is imperative. It is a campaign that the government is reluctant to undertake because of the sensitivities around immigration, race and perceptions of neo-colonialism (Chinouya and Davidson, 2003). The prevalence of diagnosed HIV in black African and bl... ...n found that higher levels of knowledge, perception of risk, and having a friend or relative with AIDS were associated with effective behaviour change (Sambisa 2008). The notion behind personal experience or knowing someone who is infected is that for some people HIV/AIDS does not become real, or denial is preferable including denial of risk, until one witnesses someone ill or dying of AIDS. This means that trying to shift people’s perception of risk in order that they choose behaviours that are safe requires a detailed understanding of culture, context of perception, and experience of risk (Kesby, et al., 2003). This is related to the fact that ‘culture’ in its anthropological sense, is a complex interplay of meanings, action, structure, and change that exist within all social relations and in all social settings (Mayisha II Collaborative Group 2005).

Banking Essay

For the term â€Å"the business of banking†, the statute definition is inadequately, even some statute laws can help with the understanding about â€Å"the business of banking† but the definitions they are provided still not adequate (Waldeck & Giardina). Moreover, it become more difficult for defining â€Å"the business of baking† today as the fact that over the years and bank services are more diversified (Waldeck & Giardina). The case law Australian Independent Distributors Ltd v Winter (1965) 122 CLR 443 the Adelaide Cooperative Society accepted the money deposits from their members and recorded it on the passbook (Tyree 2008). The court held that the society had not carrying on the â€Å"business of banking† due to the society lacked of the power to lend money – the one of the ‘essential characteristic’ (Tyree 2008). However, there was a later reinforced in the judgement for the case Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd v RH Brown & Co[1] and the ‘High Court held that the main business of bank should be that of the lending of money (Waldeck & Giardina). The s 5(1) of the Banking Act 1959 (Cth) shows the precise definition of â€Å"the business of banking† and the part (b)(i) said ‘a business that is carried on by a corporation to which paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution applies and that consists, to any extent, of both taking money on deposit (otherwise than s part-payment for identified goods or services) and making advance of money’ which the definition was adapted straightforwardly by the High Court in Commissioners of the State Savings Bank of Victoria v Permewan Wright & Co Ltd (1914) 19 CLR 457 (Tyree 2008). However, the Victorian Court for the case R v Jost [2002] VSCA 198] held the Act merely restated the previous definition that developed by the courts (Tyree 2008). Furthermore, whether the characteristics are considered as essential or as usual, there are some doubts for the institution authorised to carry on the business of banking under the Banking Act would be considered a bank for all purposes (Tyree 2008). In Commercial Banking Co v Hartigan (1952) 86 ILT 109, the organisation was held to be a bank even they failed the Kirkwood test due to they compliance with the Irish Central Bank Act 1942 and was licensed under the Act. However, in PP Consultants Pty Ltd v Fiance Sector Union [2000] HCA 59, the High Court found that the pharmacist acting as an ‘agency’ bank and not carrying on the business of banking and held that carry on the business of a banking agent (Tyree 2008). In conclusion, statute definition, Banking Act definition and some case law are interpreting the term â€Å"the business of banking† but no one could be identified adequately. Due to the fact that over years, the definition keeps improving and become more diversified which is the reason that difficult to identified and no definition could give the adequate definition. The MacMillan and Greenwood duties are imposed on customers. Briefly explain these duties and what if any other duties have been sought to be imposed on customers. In general, the MacMillan and Greenwood are two fundamental contractual obligations owed by customer and their name is comes from the name of the relevant case (Tyree 2008). The original case of MacMillan is London Joint Stock Bank Ltd v MacMillan and Arthur [1918] AC 777. In this case, the House of Lords had to decide whether the customer owed a duty of care to the bank in the drawing of cheques. In this case, the company sued the bank breach of contract because the mistake made by careless confidential clerk of the firm. The bank paid only 120 pounds whereas the 2 pounds original payment and the firm won the case at the end. However, House of Lords took the chance to clarify the contract between firm and bank, the bank held that the customer owed the bank a duty to exercise care in the drawing of cheques and that the alteration of the cheque was, in this situation, the result is customer has breach of that duties (Tyree 2008). The Greenwood duty which from the case Greenwood v Martin Bank Ltd [1933] AC 51 mention that the plaintiff’s wife had forged a series of cheques on his account. When he found the forgeries, he threaten notify the bank immediately. However, his wife explained she just uses those money to help her sister in legal action and in second time, he discovered that his wife still forged cheque from his account and he threatens to notify the bank. Then, his wife committed to suicide. He brought the action to prevent the bank from maintaining the debit to the account for the amount of the forged cheques, the court held that had been breach of duty by he failing to notify the bank about the forged event immediately. In conclusion, this case is notify bank of any forgeries on the account known to the customer (no require to seek out), there are also two extensions for any unauthorized transactions and withdrawals (Tyree 2008). Furthermore, some further duties have been sought to be imposed on customer in order to protecting the bank’s interests. The additional duties could be classified into three categories and those duties have been the subject of recent case law (Tyree 2008). â€Å"The passbook has been replaced by the bank statement which is sent at intervals to the customer and the current practice seems to favour the customer even more since there is no way for knowing whether the customer has even received the statement (Tyree 2008). † Kepitigalla was approved by the New Zealand Court of Appeal in National Bank of New Zealand Ltd v Walpole and Patterson Ltd [1975] 2 NZLR 7 and the Privy Council in Tai Hing Cotton Mill Ltd v Liu Chong Hing Bank Ltd [1986] AC 80 (Tyree 2008).

Adjusting Entries - Examples - 1550 Words

Adjusting Entries – Examples Let’s work with some examples. We are working with a one year accounting period that ends on 12/31/X2. Let’s use a three step process. Step 1 – Analyze the transaction. Step 2 – Record in the journal. Step 3 – Post to the ledger. Example 1: On 12/31/X2 (before the adjusting process), Supplies, an asset, has a balance of $2,500. Employees take a physical account of the supplies on hand. That physical count reveals that $1,200 of supplies remains. Step 1 †Ã¢â‚¬  The balance of Supplies before the adjusting entry is $2,500. Subtract the amount determined during the physical count ($1,200). The result ($1,300) represents the amount of supplies that have been used up – Supplies Expense. Assets – Supplies is†¦show more content†¦Example 4: On 7/25/X2, a law firm and its client sign a contract and the client pays $8,400 cash. The contract states the law firm will provide monthly legal services for 12 months, beginning on 8/1/X2. A regular journal entry is needed on 7/25/X2 – debit Cash and credit Unearned Revenue for $8,400. On 12/31/X2, an adjusting journal entry is needed to record the amount of revenue that has been earned. The entry also results in the correct balance of the liability account as of 12/31/X2. Computation: $8,400 divided by 12 months equals $700 per month. $700 times 5 months (Aug – Dec) equals $3,500. $3,500 has now been earned. This complies with the revenue recognition principle – record revenue when it is earned. The liability is reduced because the services have been provided for 5 months. Liabilities – Unearned Revenue is decreased. Stockholders’ Equity – Legal Fees Earned is increased. The journal entry includes a debit to Unearned Revenue and a credit to Legal Fees Earned for $3,500 When the debit of $3,500 is posted to Unearned Revenue, the ending balance will be correct ($8,400 less $3,500). Legal Fees Earned goes to the Income Statement. Example 5: On 12/31/X2, the accountant questions the managers and discovers that revenue of $12,500 has been earned (the services have been provided) but the clients have not yet been billed. This is an accrual of revenue. Revenue has been earned and must be recordedShow MoreRelatedAcct1501 Exam5198 Words   |  21 Pages6,234,000 CR. Cash Trust 6,234,000 (Allottment of 6,234,000 shares @ $1 per share) c. April 4th 2004 DR. Sponsoring Broker Expense 249,360 CR. Cash 249,360 (Cost of sponsoring broker at 4% per share Allotted 4% of 6,234,000 $249,360) d. No journal entry. 2. Owners’ Equity Share Capital Reserves Retained Profits Total Owners’ Equity Consolidated 28th Feb 2004 $ 2,875,000 (18,557) 2,084,119 4,940,562 Workings 6,234,000 Consolidated 30th Feb 2004 $ 9,109,000 (18,557) 2,084,199 11,174,562 Read MoreAdjusting Accounting Journals On The End Of An Accounting Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pages Adjusting debts making ready economic statements accounting principles and concepts are an arrangement of huge traditions which have been formulated to provide an essential shape to financial reporting. Adjusting entries are made to your accounting journals toward the end of an accounting duration. Adjusting entries are made after an ordeal regulate is readied. The motivation at the back of adjusting entries is to change incomes and fees to the accounting time frame wherein they really happenRead MoreAccounting Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesand update accounts at the end of the period. 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Analysis Of The Book Face Of An Angel - 930 Words

Women are just as responsible as men for the sexist â€Å"macho† culture present in Latin families due to different reasons: women continue to educate their children with these same sexist ideas that they disagree with, they are also afraid to go against what the patriarchal society says, and they limit themselves to accept their sexist female roles and continue living under their â€Å"man’s† rules. The book Face of an Angel shows how Chavez gives her female perspective about the sexist environment in which females have lived in for several years. Even though the patriarchal model is present in many other cultures, the idea of a â€Å"macho† society is most often related to Latin American families. The basic idea of machismo comes from the patriarchal model which states that males are responsible for bringing the food to the table and females are left at home to take care of the children. This is just the beginning of a series of problems and abuses suffe red by many females in Latin America. It is important to clarify that women’s rights exist, the only problem is the lack of willingness to change. One of the main problems of a macho society is that males have extra benefits in contrast to females. For example: a man can drink in excess and come home late, also have multiple sexual partners, and work in any field they want without being scrutinized in the same fashion as their counterparts. Their goal is to seduce as many different women as possible in order to attain one and perhapsShow MoreRelatedDante Alighieri s Inferno, And The Book Of Revelation1584 Words   |  7 PagesDante Alighieri’s epic poem, Inferno, and the Book of Revelation as told by John in the Bible each regale the natural curiosity of humans involving manifestations of endings and possibilities of new beginnings in the afterlife. The purpose of informing God’s people of these manifestations and possibilities is mutual and key to the prepared ness of humans for life after death. Still, justice is surely delivered appropriately in Inferno and Revelation, due to God’s brilliant arrangements. DivergenceRead MoreFallen Angels Chacter analysis1133 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Character Analysis in Fallen Angels During war, many people change physically, mentally, and socially. War itself is disturbing to the mind. In Walter Dean Meyer’s Fallen Angels, the characters undergo many changes as they learn the true meaning of war. Perry, Peewee and Johnson all change in the sense of their personalities and their outlooks on life. In the beginning of the novel all the characters have very distinct characteristics. As the story progresses they start to see how war can haveRead MoreEssay on Satan, the Core of Milton ´s Paradise Lost1308 Words   |  6 Pageswritten in the classics. A literary criterion that is based on a protagonist, who undergoes conflict on the outside and from within and is prevented by a specific flaw to accomplish their main goal, creates an epic Hero. In Paradise Lost, God does not face conflict because he is perfect and all-knowing, and Adam’s conflict is not presented from the very start, Satan’s is. Because Satan is the main character of the work an d possesses qualities that would deem him heroic, such as his determination againstRead MoreReview Of The Better Angels Of Our Nature By Steven Pinker1262 Words   |  6 PagesMary Kaldor. In combination, these approaches provide a general summary of the major strains of â€Å"declinist† literature and demonstrate the challenges of assessing the changing political violence and armed conflict after the Cold War. In â€Å"The Better Angels of our Nature†, Steven Pinker claims that the decline of war since the 1990s is a continuation of a broader trend of declining violence since neolithic times. Accordingly, he claims that we are living in the â€Å"the most peaceable era in our species’Read More Analysis of Pauline Puyat’s Tracks ­ Essay583 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Pauline Puyat’s Tracks ­ One of the most striking characteristics of Pauline Puyat is her devout Catholicism and her desire to be disconnected from the Ojibwa people. Throughout Tracks, she openly chooses Catholicism over her native religion and abandons her native ways almost completely. When Pauline tries to help Fleur prevent a miscarriage, she is literally held back by her conscious separation from the Ojibwa culture. There are many things that Pauline fails toRead MoreSummary Of The Triptych Melencome, And Knight, Death And The Devil1537 Words   |  7 Pagesto the skull and hourglass, the object’s presence generates an atmosphere of ominous danger- pertaining to judgement day, from the rainbow’s pairing, in the book of revelations: â€Å"I saw another mighty angel coming down from heaven†¦ with a rainbow over his head2: St. Jerome also represents an aspect of the last judgment, listening to an angel trumpeting the decree. The foreground (physical world), is cluttered with equipment for alchemy, geometry and carpentry which appear unused, around the broodingRead MoreA World Of Calamity, By Ross Gay883 Words   |  4 PagesRoss Gay’s book Against Which, portrays his poetry to readers allowing them to gain understanding of the cruel world that one lives in. Moreover, the unusual brutalities that people are inevitable confronted with in life. The common denom inators within Gay’s poems such as violence, love, fear, and loss allows the reader to visualize characters’ transformation within his poems. In a world of calamity, Gay has created poems that portray the corporal conforming to gender and sex but also human developmentRead MoreEssay about The Voice of the Chimney Sweepers1180 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake (1757-1827) led a relatively happy life. At an early age, he claimed that he could see God, Angels, and other important Italian figures. Blake’s parents encouraged him to keep a record of all the masters he claimed to keep in contact with. Blake’s father, James Blake, gave him casts and engravings to keep this record. At the age of ten, Blake started at a drawing school named Henry Pars’ Drawing School. Three years later, he was apprenticed to a Master Engraver, James Basire. BlakeRead MoreReading Like A Writer By Francine Prose880 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Like most – maybe all – writers, I learned to write by writing and, by example, by reading books† - Francine Prose, Reading Like A Writer. In the New York Times bestseller Reading Like A Writer, Acclaimed American Author Francine Prose returns with potent insight and the works of the most superlative writers of our time, in this guide to mastering the art of writing through reading. Prose graduated from Radcliffe College in 1868 but had received most of her training through avidlyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Scarlet Letter, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and an abundant array of other books and short stories. The stories that are mentioned contain a copious amount of symbolism throughout the entirety of each book. All the stories that he ever wrote have an underlying meaning and the symbolism was hidden within in the names, characters, places, and actions that happened in the books and helped the readers to have a greater understanding about the Puritan lifestyle and the Bible.

Gay Marriage Is Not The Only Issue Involving Marriage

Divorce is not the only issue involving marriage in America. There are still reservations about same sex couples being given the privilege to marry each other. With American morality, values, religion, and culture being questioned, this is one of the heaviest debates of our time. America was founded on the belief of freedom for all, and the gender of your partner should not matter. A question that some may ask is, what exactly is gay marriage? Gay marriage or same-sex marriage is the legal and social recognition that a joining (marriage) between two persons of the same social gender or biological sex takes place (Quick). As of February 9, 2015, gay marriage has been legalized in 37 American states and the district of Columbia(Marriage). While the remaining states have gay marriage bans through laws, constitutional amendments, or both. Proponents argue that same-sex couples ought to have access to the same marriage benefits and public acceptance enjoyed by heterosexual couples, and that prohibiting gay marriage is unconstitutional discrimination. Opponents argue that altering the traditional definition of marriage between a man and a woman will further weaken a threatened institution. They believe that legalizing gay marriage is a slippery slope that will lead to polygamous relationships. Gay marriage has come a long way from the 1980 s when only few Americans ever thought of marrying someone of the same sex(Wood). Same-sex couples have a history of fighting for theirShow MoreRelatedSame-Sex Marriage Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the issue of homosexuality is relatively new to our country, the fight for rights started almost immediately, and people today are still struggling to earn civil liberties, like same-sex marriage. If some change isn’t made now, their struggle for rights could last even longer than other minorities have endured. Since there is no national ruling made to abolish same-sex marriage, each state sets its own laws regarding ga y marriage. Currently in the US, five states allow same-sex marriage, severalRead MoreCommon Ground : Same Sex Marriage956 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Ground: Same-Sex Marriage Same-sex marriage, a controversial social issue in the U.S. for several decades, is constantly evolving. When viewed historically, great change has happened in a short period of time, in the movement for same-sex marriage, given that until recently, no society in thousands of years has ever allowed it. Futurist John Naisbitt, author of Megatrends, has studied the change in the public’s perspective on gay marriage. Naisbitt asserts: â€Å"In just my lifetime, weRead MoreGay Marriage Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesGay Marriage People should be able to marry whomever they want and they shouldnt have the fear to be judged and have the same rights of everybody else becasue they are people just like us. Gay marriage has affected the country in many ways. It was legalized just two years ago by the Supreme Court ruling it (www.theatlantic.com). I chose this topic because people should do what they want and marry who they want so they have the same rights as everybody else. There was 14 states that did not allowRead MoreGay Marriage Should Not Be Condemned1108 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen heated debate’s concerning gay marriage’s in the world. Some people support gay marriage while others do not. Gay marriage is a marital union that involves two adults of the same gender. For instance, a woman and another or marriage involving two men would constitute a gay marriage. Generally, this issue has been prevalent in the developed countries such as the United States; but it is a fact those kinds of marriages exist in other countries in the world over, only that the participants do notRead More Equal Rights for All Essays918 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Rights for All Gay marriage has always been a subject of great controversy. Andrew Sullivan addresses this issue in his persuasive essay entitled â€Å"Let Gays Marry.† Sullivan’s essay appeared in Newsweek in June of 1996. Through his problem/solution structure of this essay, Sullivan uses rhetorical appeals to try and persuade the audience to accept gay marriage as a natural part of life. Sullivan, an editor of The New Republic, also wrote Virtually Normal: An ArgumentRead More Let Gays Marry and Leave Marriage Alone Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pageswill summarize some of the key points from the essay, Let Gays Marry, by Andrew Sullivan, and the essay, Leave Marriage Alone, by William Bennett. Some of these main points are taken from mutual beliefs of both authors and others are derived from the opposing opinions of the two. The first summary of Andrew Sullivan’s essay is a reflection of Andrew Sullivan’s stance of the issue. The original essay was in favor of allowing same sex marriage in America. My summary will dictate some of the argumentsRead MoreThe Fundamental Right to Same-Sex Marriage Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesThe legalization of same-sex marriage has been a controversial issue for years. Arguments have risen between political and religious point of views over the controversial topic. While many believe it is morally and ethically wrong, there are others who believe it is emotionally and socially acceptable. More than half the country legally denies the right to marry between lesbian or gay couples. When denying same-sex couples to marry, the government is degrading the rights of citizens and is encouragingRead MoreReligion And The Civil Rights Movement954 Words   |  4 Pagesobtain gay and civil rights has been directly influenced by religion, either in a positive or ne gative way. More specifically, religion has served as a disadvantage to achieving gay rights and an advantage to those that participated in the civil rights movement. Contrary to the recent successes of the gay rights movement, there have been a lot of obstacles along the way and most of them have been due to religious beliefs and practices. Religion opposes gay rights, especially gay marriage on the basisRead MoreThe Issue of Gay Marriages918 Words   |  4 PagesGay marriage has come to be a pressing topic in the contemporary society as more and more individuals get actively involved in discussing it. Individuals who oppose same-sex marriage are typically inclined to bring on a deontological argument or to say that legalizing the act might bring on other issues. In contrast, people who support gay marriages focus on matters related to human rights and justice. The arguments generated by each of the sides are certainly thought-provoking and it is very difficultRead MoreGay Marriag e Should Be Legal1684 Words   |  7 PagesGay marriage In discussions of gay marriage one controversial issue has been whether or not it should be legalized. On the one hand, some people argue that gay marriage should not be accepted in our society. On the other hand, some people believe that gay marriage should be legalized. Others even maintain that gay marriage is not a problem, and we should respect the preferences of everyone. My personal view is that gay marriage is not a big issue because we are in a free country, where everyone

The reasons why costs need to be controlled to a budget free essay sample

Analyse the reasons why costs need to be controlled to a budget. Give at least 4 examples of the negative effects of exceeding financial budgets and how it affects the business. By chloe_smith M4-Analyse the reasons why costs need to be controlled to a budget. Give at least 4 examples of the negative effects of exceeding financial budgets and how it affects the business. Example of costs Variances and whether they are adverse (A) or favourable(F) over the three months (Nov, Dec, Jan) Identify the possible reasons for these variances Materials On budget Petrol 20 Adverse Petrol prices went up. Wages Advertising 1 50 Adverse The person in control of advertising didnt budget effectively and anticipated the prices wrong or they took out a marketing campaign that was substantially higher than they expected. Insurance 300 Adverse They couldVe renewed their insurance but if this is the case then they shouldVe known how much the insurance was going to cost. We will write a custom essay sample on The reasons why costs need to be controlled to a budget or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Alternatively they couldVe had a claim within the 3 months. Factory rental The landlord the company are renting their land from may have put up his rental prices or perhaps they slightly expanded their factory within the 3 months. Bank loan payment 75 Adverse The interest rate may have increased and they werent aware of this. Equally in previous months they could have paid less to the bank and therefore had to catch up during these 3 months and paid more. Van Payment 60 Favourable An adverse variance in petrol would arise the problem ot trying to limi t the amount you transport. They can do this by comparing the petrol prices of local petrol stations and then using the cheapest proven one. An adverse in advertising would cause a problem as the company may need to decrease how much they advertise, which ould cause the business to become less known or they could limit their advertising to only market their product at prime times. In order to do this they could predominantly advertise their product before Christmas or if their product is predominantly seasonal then advertise it during peak times e. g. in summer or winter. A 300 adverse variance for insurance as this means they have less money to spend on liabilities and will need to ensure they arent going to make any claims as this will increase the insurance further. In order to do this they will need to improve their ealth and safety around their offices and stores and also the regularly check the maintenance of any vehicles they own. If the landlord has decided to increase the factories rent then there is nothing the company can predominantly do help this, whereas if the business has expanded the factory then this shouldnt become problematic for the company as they should be producing more and therefore increasing sales to bring in more revenue for their expenses. The problem the business has with an adverse on bank loans is that the interest can go up and will not decrease Just because they are unable to pay the substantial amount one month he payments should be paid consistently and at the same price every month as they are a debt that should be cleared as soon as possible. D3- As a result of these adverse variances I am writing a report about the problems caused when you dont check your costs and budgets and when you are spending more than you have. If a business is unable to manage their costs and budgets they then become incapable of paying their expenses, for example electricity, gas and other bills. Alternatively spending money the business hasnt got results in the business owing debts. If you ont manage your finances you can have outstanding debts, from external sources like banks. When a business takes out a loan from the bank they agree in a contract to the terms and conditions the bank set. These standards are expected to be met even if you find your company struggling to keep up with payments. The business will also be expected to pay interest on the loan, small businesses will pay a different amount of interest on the loan than bigger businesses and these interest rates will be determined by the circumstances of the business. A bank could impose a legal inding covenant before a loan is issued. If this condition is breached, the bank can order the business to repay the loan immediately. The staff can also be affected by the lack of control on a companys finances. This can cause the staff members to feel unappreciated and can result in them becoming demotivated and not producing a high standard of work, in severe circumstances the staff can strike. Moreover the suppliers wont continue to supply the goods required to operate and without the goods the customers wont be able to buy the products, from the company, this could ead to the customers starting to go to competitors as they will have to look elsewhere. In addition to this the shareholders wont get the right amount of money required from the profits, resulting in disputes and legal cases within the business. Other shareholders will then not want to continue investing in the business and give the business a bad reputation. Overall when a business does not manage their costs to a budget they damage their business, mostly the three main elements; statt, suppliers and customers which is the most important parts of criteria when successfully running a business.

The Imf And The Bretton Woods Agreements Essay Example For Students

The Imf And The Bretton Woods Agreements Essay The international financial system has been radically altered since the worldwide depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s. This change is due in large part to the inception of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its subsequent control over the international financial system. In this paper I will examine the extensive role of the Bretton Woods system of exchange rates and the gold standard. Additionally, I will examine the role that the IMF has taken on since the demise of the gold standard. To begin, we must examine the circumstances that surround the creation of the IMF, who the actors are and what each of their roles are as member countries. The IMF was created as a result of the worldwide market collapse that took place initially in October of 1929. The domino effect that took place when the first market crashed was seen to be a situation so severe that world powers felt that drastic measures needed to be taken to ensure that this was the last global financial crisis that the world would face. Its creation in 1944 was the beginning of a new era for the international financial system. We will write a custom essay on The Imf And The Bretton Woods Agreements specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The creation of the IMF occurred at Bretton Woods along with the World Bank and the system of fixed exchange rates and the gold standard for currency. Under this system, the US dollar was tied to gold by a United States government commitment to buy it at $35.00 and ounce and sell to central banks at the same price (excluding handling and other charges). Other participating countries maintained the exchange values of their currencies at prices which were almost fixed in terms of the dollar (the values fluctuate normally not more than one percent on either side of their parities), with the result that exchange rates were almost universally fixed. Other governments carried out their commitments by selling internationally acceptable liquid resources when there was an excess demand for foreign currencies in terms of their own currencies, and by buying liquid resources when there was an excess supply. What constituted internationally acceptable resources for this purpose were gold, and oth er liquid assets denominated in ?key? or reserve currencies, principally US dollars or UK pounds sterling. The IMF was to ensure that these standards were being followed as well as being the lender for temporary deficits, and balance of payment problems. Each member country contributed a predefined amount, or quotas, of national currencies and gold. This quota also determines the voting power on the IMF and the amount of resources that they may draw on from the Fund. Designed to foster monetary cooperation, the IMF sought to enforce strict rules of behaviour in a world based on the gold standard and fixed currency-exchange rates. The Fund had, in theory, strict rules regarding how much to lend and when it was to be repaid. In reality, however, the Fund had discretion to waive any normal limitations. In 1961 with the advent of the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB), the Fund increased its ability to lend through arrangements to borrow from 10 major industrial countries. At the time, these agreements had enabled the IMF to have and additional $6 billion at its disposal. The Gold Standard, in theory, functioned to limit the ability of governments to issue currency at will, hence decreasing the purchasing power of money. It existed before the Bretton Woods agreement, but was suspended for reasons that we will see later. If, for example, the US dollar were defined as equal to 1/20 of an ounce of gold, then the number of dollars that the United States could issue would be constrained by its holdings of gold reserves. Moreover, if the UK defined its currency, the pound sterling, as 5/20 of an ounce of gold, the fixed exchange rate between the US and the UK, quite obviously would be $5 USD=?1 sterling. One specific problem with specie standards (that is a currency convertible into a standardised unit of a non-monetary commodity) is that the value of money is only as valuable as the specie backing it. When worldwide gold production was low in the 1870s and 1880s, the money supply grew slowly, leading to a general deflation. This situation changed radically in the 1890s following the discovery of gold in Alaska and in South Africa. The result was rapid money growth and inflation up until the outbreak of World War I. Furthermore, linking currencies to gold did not totally restrain governments from manipulating the value of their currencies. First, in order to finance expenditures by printing money, governments would frequently suspend the gold standard during times of war. Second, even without officially abandoning gold, some nations periodically redefined the value of their currencies in terms of gold. Instead of allowing for gold or foreign reserves to be consistently depleted, the countries would choose instead to devalue their currencies. It might seem, by this previous line of argument that countries had no real restrictions on their behaviour when it came to currencies, since they could devalue them at will. However, there was a serious price to pay for devaluation. Should a country threaten to devalue its currency, a speculative attack on that countrys currency would surely follow as investors attempted to rid themselves of that currency. Such countries would ultimately lose large amounts of reserves. This is exactly what occurred in the UK in 1966 and 1967. Confidence in the value of the pound sterling crashed and the subsequent loss of gold reserves amounted to 28 million ounces. In one day alone (November 17, 1967) the British government lost reserves valued at over $1 billion. On August 15, 1971, in the midst of a major international monetary crisis, President Richard M. Nixon announced a new policy suspending indefinitely the U.S.s commitment to redeem gold for dollars. This commitment was the lynchpin of the international monetary system in which the U.S. dollar served as the key currency by which the value of other currencies would be determined. Nixons decision to break the link between the dollar and gold effectively pulled the rug out from under the other world currencies, forcing them to re-determine their values, and thus forcing devaluation of the dollar. This event is generally regarded as marking the demise of the system of fixed exchange rates. The fall of the Bretton Woods system represents an important transitional stage in the history of international economic relations. It represents a change from a hegemonic system dominated by the U.S. intended to lay the foundation for an open, competitive world economy to the current system of floating exchange rates and expanding global capitalism. The Fall of the Bretton Woods System President Nixons announcement in 1971 and then the subsequent collapse of the system in 1973 were hardly spontaneous occurrences. The fall of Bretton Woods was simply the culmination of a chain of economic and political developments that were quite predictable. From flaws in the design of the system that made it inherently unstable, to the spin-off of international capital markets that exploited its weaknesses, the collapse of Bretton Woods was inevitable. Because of the U.S. pledge to back dollars with gold, the stability of the system was based on the ratio of foreign-held dollars to the value of gold held by the United States. If the amount of foreign dollars exceeded the amount of U.S. gold, the U.S. could not pay all of its claimants without changing the price of gold. So as the ratio of foreign dollars to U.S. gold increased, so did pressure to devalue the dollar. As such, the stability of the system was gauged by the U.S. balance of payments. Considering this, confidence in the dollar became an essential element of the Bretton Woods system. The decade following the signing Bretton Woods agreement would see the U.S. balance of payments shift from surplus to deficit, producing new pressures on the system. From 1948 to 1958, several new and significant features surfaced in the international system. These features included development of new institutions for economic cooperation, dramatic economic growth in Europe, rising U.S. military spending, U.S. foreign aid to the Third World, and the emergence of U.S.-based multinational corporations (MNCs). These new additions to the international landscape helped to generate the stability and prosperity that gave nations the confidence to participate in this liberal system. But at the same time, each factor contributed to an outflow of dollars, pushing the U.S. balance of payments in the direction of larger deficits, meaning more do llars abroad and more potential claimants on U.S. gold, thereby destabilizing the system. The balance of payments difficulties posed a unique problem for the United States. As the hegemon of the system, the U.S. had an obligation to provide economic and military security for itself, its allies, and the system. In the 1960s U.S. leaders faced the dilemma of trying to solve the balance of payments problem while still fulfilling the countrys responsibilities as hegemon. The initial deficits of the 1950s, which were created through military and economic aid, were actually seen as beneficial at the time in that they helped close the gap with the still economically weak Europeans. By the end of the 1950s, Europe had recovered and the deficit became a problem. Before 1958 and 1959, large surpluses in goods and services and investment income had helped to offset the costs of providing foreign aid, military expenditures abroad, and private overseas investment. When the U.S. surpluses suddenl y shrank, the payments deficit became even wider. Clearly the burden of hegemony was taking its toll on the United States. One of President John F. Kennedys economic advisers warned, will not be able to sustain in the 1960s a world position without solving the balance of payments problem. This assessment proved to be accurate as U.S. efforts to meet its global responsibilities further damaged its balance of payments, undermining its ability to act as hegemon. The increase in U.S. deficits meant money was leaving the country and as such, it had to go somewhere. This is evidenced by the surpluses experienced by Japan and Western European countries, such as West Germany, which were growing rapidly. The surpluses, combined with the U.S. deficit, meant decreasing liquidity in the world economy, as the U.S., in its role as central banker to the world, had supplied much of the liquidity from its reserve assets, mainly gold. To remedy this situation, a devaluation of the dollar would have been seemingly appropriate. However, the U.S. could not devalue the dollar without horribly upsetting the other currencies of the world. Another way to help correct the disequilibrium in world payments would have been to have surplus countries like Germany and Japan revalue their currencies, effectively devaluing the dollar in the process. Because these countries were persistently reluctant to change their own rates, the payments imbalances increased until a breaking point was reached in 1971. The fact that the surplus countries did not wish to revalue their currencies emphasizes an important flaw in the design of the Bretton Woods system. Orin Kirshner writes, It was becoming uncomfortably clear that a system of fixed exchange rates, in which gold and the dollarwere the main components, was rather asymmetrical in its pressures for adjustment. The deficit countries were under pressure to adjust when they ran out of reserves and had to go to the or to the central bankers for aid; bu t there were no similar pressures on the creditors to reduce their surpluses. Another interesting development that played a large part in the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system is the Eurodollar phenomenon. The Eurodollar, or Eurocurrency (other currencies were also involved), market was a by-product of the large-scale accumulation of dollars in foreign banks following the shift from a dollar shortage (U.S. payment surplus) to a dollar surplus (U.S. payments deficit) in 1957-1958. It was then that London bankers decided to lend these dollars out, rather than return them to the U.S. (which would have helped to stabilize the situation by improving the U.S. balance of payments). Thus, Lairson says, was born the Eurodollarmarket essentially an unregulated money supply. When the U.S. government acted in 1963 to address this problem by enacting the interest equalization tax to slow the outflow of dollars for loans, U.S. banks then opened overseas branches to continue their foreign len ding. Lairson writes, because no single state could regulate it effectively and because of the unceasing U.S. payments deficits, a Euromarket system developed consisting of the dollar and other currencies, a system of bank credit, and a Eurobond market (bonds denominated in dollars floated outside the United States). A massive volume of funds emerged that, without much restriction, could move across borders in search of the highest yields available on a global basis. The emergence of this new, unregulated concentration of capital made even more difficult than before for the U.S. to get a handle on the system. .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc , .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc .postImageUrl , .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc , .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc:hover , .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc:visited , .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc:active { border:0!important; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc:active , .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucce7d2ada0122332a26f75ee04450ccc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: GutierrezS Analysis Of Book Of Job EssayLairson suggests that two main reasons can be identified for the decline and fall of the Bretton Woods system. First, he writes, the system was inherently unstable because the mechanisms for adjustment of exchange rates were so inflexible. He states the economic relations that developed after 1948 were structured by these fixed values even as the shift from U.S. surplus to deficit increasingly demanded adjustment of exchange rates. He continues, the world of 1971 was significantly different from the world of 1945-1950, but the Bretton Woods system made few accommodations to that reality. Lairsons second reason, which he regards as pe rhaps most reflective of those changes, was the massive growth of the market power of international capital and its impact on fixed rates. The transnational actors who emerged over the years reflect this notion. By 1973, the Eurocurrency market had grown to nine times the size of U.S. reserves. Such an immense collection of resources, he says, was capable of overwhelming even concerted government action. The immense pressure these forces put on the dollar and the fixed-rate system itself finally led to an international monetary crisis, forcing Nixon to temporarily take the dollar off the gold standard. Then on March 19, 1973, the system collapsed entirely, even while major efforts to reform the system were in progress. By this time, the powerful new transnational actors collectively lost confidence in the fixed-rate system and in the ability of governments to create any viable system. Finally, Kirshner states, financial officials of the main industrial countries, including the Unite d States, found it preferable, and inevitable, to let their exchange rates float. The Bretton Woods system was at an end. In hindsight, it becomes apparent that the Bretton Woods system, by the 1970s, had served its purpose and the time had come for it to give way to a system better suited to the realities of the time. The Bretton Woods agreements and institutions were designed to stabilize the world economy in the aftermath of World War II, so that countries could eventually interact, grow, and compete as equals in a world of open markets. This system, which was dependent on U.S. hegemony for its success, had progressed to the point where the distribution of economic and political power had become more widespread among other countries. This process can be viewed as a maturation of the international system as U.S. hegemony was no longer practical in the monetary system, and, as we would later see, it was becoming less necessary in other aspects of the international system. The move to floating exchange rates in Western economies forced the IMF to end its role as traffic cop of the world monetary system and to concentrate instead on providing advice and information to its members, which in 1998 numbered 182 countries. That role was key in helping nations in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Central Europe restructure their economies following the 1982 debt crisis. Here, we will focus on the effects of the debt crisis on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although much focus has been given to the effects of the 1982 debt crisis in Mexico and other Latin American countries, the effects on Africa have nonetheless been strongly felt, and the consequences of that period linger on today. In Mexico the crisis was solved in 1987 through the Baker plan, funded by the Japanese and private creditors. The plan was targeted towards the commercial debt of the countries to which the banks were most exposed-middle income countries. As a result of this initiative, commercial activity was no longer at risk and the threat of the Latin American countries forming a debt cartel was assuaged. In SSA, however, the effects of the crisis have not yet been addressed as wholly as the Baker plan did for the Latin American countries. Some questions have arisen regarding the role of the IMFs lending practices in the SSA region. Whether or not the IMF has focused enough on LDCs development and growth as their main objectives. While this was not the purpose for the creation of the IMF, many have sought to make it so. Later the IMF sought a more ambitious role as an international lender of last resort to the world economy. The lender of last resort is an institution that will lend during times of financial crisis that will allow the market to return to equilibrium through its lending practices. Allan Meltzer has established five criteria that a lender of last resort at the domestic level must adhere to. We will use the analysis of Stanley Fisher, an important figure with the IMF to determine how these characteristics apply to the international case later on. .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f , .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f .postImageUrl , .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f , .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f:hover , .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f:visited , .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f:active { border:0!important; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f:active , .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0eadbed49306b0707a20503acc838e7f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racial Prejudices EssayThe first is that the central bank is the only lender of last resort in a monetary system such as that of the United States. Second, to prevent illiquid organizations from closing, the central bank should lend on any collateral that is marketable in the ordinary course of business when there is no panic. It should not restrict lending to paper eligible for discount at the central bank in normal periods. Third, the lenders loans, or advances, should be made in large amounts, on demand, at a rate of interest above the market rate. This discourages borrowing by those who can obtain accommodation in the market. Fourth, the above three principles should b e stated in advance and followed in a crisis. Finally, insolvent financial institutions should be sold at the market price or liquidated if there are no bids for the firm as an integrated unit. The losses should be borne by owners equity, subordinated debentures, and debt, uninsured depositors, and the deposit insurance corporations as in any bankruptcy. The argument for the need of an international lender of last resort rests not only on the volatility of capital markets but on the inherent financial panics that ensue from them. The importance of regulating these volatile markets was seen at Bretton Woods through the controls over capital inflows, yet it could not regulate the capital outflows. Fisher argues that not only does there need to be an international lender of last resort, but that increasingly the IMF has been playing that role since it first assumed that position in the international bailout of Mexico in 1995. Fisher proceeds to dismiss the argument that the lender of last resort need necessarily be a central bank. He divides the category of lender into two when financial crisis occurs. On the one hand, there are crisis lenders, who could be central banks. Fisher argues that there exists no requirement for them to be central banks. The only requirement is that enough liquidity exists within a particular institution such that it is able to supply the loans necessary to return the market to equilibrium. On the other hand we have crisis managers who are responsible for directly managing to whom the loans are given, and how best to deal with the crisis at hand. Fisher argues that in terms of international crises the IMF is perfectly suited to deal with such crises both as a crisis lender and as a crisis manager. Clearly the role of the IMF as international lender of last resort has presented itself, initially Mexico and as we will see the structure has been established for these activities to continue. In return for the imposition of an economic austerity plan in Mexico, the fund, along with the U.S. and other major industrial countries central banks, provided credit lines and other facilities totalling $47.8 billion. Although the assistance gave rise to criticism that the IMF was bailing out international investors and not the Mexican economy, the fund in 1997 and 1998 increased the amount each member contributed and expanded its lending activities further by establishing a $47 billion line of creditcalled the New Arrangements to Borrowwith two dozen countries. The increase in borrowing authority would allow troubled IMF members to draw well in excess of what would normally be allowed, a move that was well timed. In the 1990s capital had flooded into emerging economiessuch as Thailand, Indonesia, and South Koreawith little attention to borrowers creditworthiness. When economic problems started to occur, foreign and domestic investors alike rushed to get their money out of those countries. In the ensuing panic, currencies and stock and bond markets imploded, cutting off financing and swiftly throwing entire economies into recession. The crisis persisted, even amid billions of dollars in IMF and Western loan commitments. With the IMF estimating that world economic growth was only 2.2% in 1998, half what it had forecast in late 1997, it became apparent that more forceful moves woul d be required. Along with the IMFs fortified capital base and widened lending authority, it still was unclear whether widening the disclosure of emerging economies foreign-currency reserve levels, publicizing their growth estimates, and announcing capital inflows and outflows would help forestall the next crisismuch less put a decisive end to the one that drew headlines in 1998. This was because the entire face of international finance had changed since the IMF was created. Financial flows were once controlled by a handful of major banks that could be easily corralled into restructuring problem loans in cooperation with relatively modest IMF assistance. In the late 1990s, however, flows were dominated by thousands of banks; securities firms; and mutual, pension, and hedge funds that could move capital in and out of countries with a click of a computer mouse. The number of countries seeking international investment, meanwhile, had proliferated, as had the diversity of debt, equity, a nd other financial instruments. This array of investors and instruments made coordinating any response to financial crises extremely difficult, concluded Moodys Investors Service Inc., a major global credit-rating agency. The IMF, meanwhile, continued to face criticism that it was secretive in its dealings, undemocratic in its makeup, and unresponsive to the needs of poorer members. Many critics noted that the economic austerity programs that were typically attached to any IMF assistance were not always appropriate. In some cases spending cuts only deepened local recessions and made the task of necessary financial and industrial restructurings all the more difficult. Some economists, including Jeffrey D. Sachs, the director of the Harvard Institute for International Development, believed the IMF should permit countries to essentially go bankrupt, imposing formal suspensions of loan payments while creditors and debtors negotiated the value of the loans and determined whether any loan s could be exchanged for equity. During the negotiations a troubled country could continue to obtain new financing and exporters could conduct business, selling their goods and earning foreign currencies vital to a countrys economic revival. Suggestions such as these, if they were accepted, might require years to be put into practice. If the crisis of 1998 had one lesson, it was that nothing short of a cooperative effort by the entire world community is needed to repair the major shortcomings in the global system, according to IMF chair Camdessus . The question was whether the repairs would be performed quickly enough to enable the IMF and its backers to cope with the next financial implosion. BibliographyBibliography1. Haan, Roelf L., Special Drawing Rights and DevelopmentH.E. Stenfert Kroese N.V., Leiden, Netherlands, 19712. Simha, S.L.N., Gold and the International Monetary SystemRao and Raghavan, Mysore, India, 19693. Sharma, K.K., International Monetary SystemMeenakshi Prakashan, Meerut, India, 19834. Kenen, Peter B. et al, The International Monetary SystemCambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 19945. Hellmann, Rainer, Gold, the Dollar, and the European Currency SystemsPraeger Publishers, New York, USA, 1979Economics Essays