The Breakfast Club

The Breakfast Club This paper is an analysis of five dissimilar teenagers representing a cross-section of middle class high school students in the suburbs. The students meet each other for the first time during a Saturday morning detention session. Each student arrived to the school by different means, which is a precursor to determining the type of individual each one is. The group is comprised of a â€Å"princess†, an â€Å"athlete†, a â€Å"brain†, a â€Å"criminal†, and a â€Å"basket case†. These are the roles the students play during the week. Because of typical stereotypes and status levels, at the onset, the students don’t want anything to do each other at the beginning of the detention session. However, once confronted by the controlling principal and realizing they have a whole day to spend together, the students begin to interact. Once the students start communicating with each other, they realize that they are more alike than unlike. Each one of them has their own issues they are dealing with, they each long for self-acceptance; they all fight against peer pressure; they all desire parental approval. Eventually through the course of the day, they break through the barriers and begin to understand each other and accept each other as well as themselves. The students eventually develop a group identity and call themselves, â€Å"The Breakfast Club. † Claire is the â€Å"princess†; an upper-class, popular prom queen who was punished with detention after she ditched classes to go shopping. She enjoys her wealth, but this causes others to envy her. She is a bit shy and doesn’t easily reveal information about herself. She is very insecure with herself because she is not very smart and isn’t athletically inclined which is why she wants to be a part of the â€Å"in† crowd at school. She feels neglected by her parents and is yearning for attention from them. She was driven to school for the detention session in a BMW by her father. As he dropped her off he explained to her that this is a strict punishment and perhaps she shouldn’t skip school to go shopping. Bender the â€Å"bad boy† on the other hand, is a lower-class young man who is perceived to be a ociopathic criminal; he is desperate for attention at school. This may be due to a lack of attention at home or perhaps abuse. Because of his rebellious nature, Bender finds himself in detention more often than not. Bender wanders up to the school by his own free will. His parents are not shown at all during the film. Andrew the â€Å"jock† is a regimented and determined wrestler who wants break free from the athlete role in order to think for himself. His father demands that he succeeds athletically as he doesn’t tolerate losing, he requires Andrew to be No. in his athletic endeavors. His father doesn’t care what Andrew wants in life, he just wants him to win all of his wrestling matches. Andrew was dropped off to the school by his father who was chastising him before dropping him off and explaining that he could potentially lose his athletic scholarship due to his behavior. Brian the â€Å"nerd† is a straight – A student who struggles with expectations of high grades. His parents seem to push him to do very well in school. However, he doesn’t have any confidence in himself and relies upon his success in school to motivate him. His self confidence was crushed when he received a failing grade in shop class. He was sent to detention because a teacher found a gun in his locker which he was going to use to kill himself; however, it wouldn’t have worked because it was a flare gun. Brian was dropped off to the school by one of his parents and his younger sister. He was told to get his homework done while in detention. Lastly, Allison the â€Å"kook† is an introvert who is ignored by her peers. She is a very quiet girl hardly ever speaking, which makes it difficult for people to understand her. When she does speak, she usually does so in self defense. She longs for attention, in order to receive it; she acts like a mentally unstable individual. She suffers from boredom and is very reserved. She shocked the group when she emptied her purse which held nothing but useless items in an attempt to gain attention from the others at the beginning of the detention session. Allison was dropped off to the school, but you can’t tell by who as the person drives off before any words are exchanged. She states that she did nothing wrong to get sent to detention. She displays very peculiar behavior during the detention session. At the onset of the detention session, each student’s status is conveyed by their existing peer social status in school. They form bonds, with whom they feel most comfortable with, for example, Claire and Andrew immediately sit down next to each other and begin exchanging conversation about the friends they have in common within the â€Å"popular† crowd that they are a part of. Brian is next in line in the school social status scene because of his intelligence but he is still considered to be a geek by his peers. In contrast, Allison and Bender are at the bottom of the school social scene. As the morning detention session progresses, each member of the group surrenders their previous roles as they assume new positions within the group. Bender, who usually has a low-status position, assumes a leadership role because of his expertise with detention. He is on a first name basis with the janitor and Mr. Vernon, the principal. Mr. Vernon displays a tough outer shell but seems to fear Bender. Bender is clearly the dominating force in the group. His rebellious personality is displayed when he breaks the established rules and moves from his seat after being told not to. He also tore up a library book and removed a screw from one of the library doors so it couldn’t stay open in order for Mr. Vernon to keep an eye on them. When Mr. Vernon questioned the group as to why the door is closed and wouldn’t stay open the group covered up for him. This behavior clearly displays Bender’s disregard for authority. Instead of being condemned by his peers, Bender’s questions and actions are valued within the group. He leaves the session with a new found respect for his new friends as well as an attraction to Claire whom he had constantly made fun of for being a snob throughout the detention session. He also dropped the tough guy persona and accepted himself as someone who was good in his own way. Claire and Andrew also go against their normal high school behaviors during the session. Andrew no longer appears to play the macho athlete role and actually cries in front of the others as he describes how his father has pressured him to be someone he doesn’t want to be. He expressed how at times he wished for his knee to give out so he wouldn’t be able to wrestle anymore. He finally comes to realize that he doesn’t need to be the man his father expects him to be and that his life is his own to determine and not what his father desires. It is clear that he that he has broken from the grips of his father when he leaves the detention session partnered with Allison. Allison seems to be the epitome of defiance towards his father's law to stay on course and choosing his own path from now on. Claire appears to be very conceited and often asks the group â€Å"Do you know how popular I am? Everyone at this school loves me. † Looking at her from the others perspective, she appears to be very self-centered and more important than the others. Although Claire leads the group to believe she had been sexually active due to peer pressure, she ultimately admitted to the group that she is still a virgin. Allison actually tricked her by lying and being deviant, having Claire to admit she was a virgin. Allison then expressed to the group that being sexually active is actually a double edged sword in their social setting because if a girl admits to being sexually active, she is considered to be a slut while if she denies being sexually active she is considered a prude. Her observation demonstrates she isn’t exactly who the group perceives her to be. Eventually the group allows Claire to see that there is much more to life than being popular in school. On the surface, Brian appears to be submissive; however, the traditional geek ends up asking bold questions and seems to become more secure than his new-found friends. Throughout the session, Brian seems to follow along with whatever his peers are doing while at the same time reminding them that there isn’t supposed to be any â€Å"monkey business. † He actually goes against his normal behavior and along with Andrew and Claire partakes in smoking marijuana with Bender. The group views Brian as their most intelligent member and therefore, they encourage him to write their required 1000 word detention essays. This opportunity allows him to have a bit of power within the group. Through the peer discussions, it becomes apparent that Brian and his parents have required him take on more than he can handle which drove him to his breaking point. Through the relationship with his newfound friends, Brian is able to release the load and the perception of himself being an academic over achiever. He leaves much more confident than when he came and is determined to let go of his past failure. Allison is very quiet during the detention session; her mode of communication was squealing for the first half of the session. The others see her as an outcast and her strange behavior while at detention confirms their perception. During lunch, she takes a sandwich out of her bag, removes the meat, and puts cereal and sugar in its place. She appears to be satisfied with the lunch that the others find disturbing. Until this point, the other students had barely noticed her presence in the room. She continues performing random acts throughout the movie. It is clear that she craves attention both positive and negative and this is her way of obtaining it. While speaking to Andrew, she confides that the attention that she receives at school is much more than she will ever receive at home. She finds her life at home unsatisfying and expresses that her parents don’t give her any attention. Allison’s parents consider her an outcast. She leaves the school well respected by Andrew who seems to have developed a liking to her. She realizes that she should be respected by all as long as she acts as though she wanted the respect she deserved. The janitor â€Å"Carl† is the eyes and ears of the school. He seems to know the students at the school very well and tells Mr. Vernon â€Å"Someday, these kids are gonna take care of me,† Mr. Vernon told him â€Å"don’t count on it. It appears as though Carl previously attended the school. He shows much respect to the students and seems to be able to relate to them and their issues. Mr. Vernon is the school principal who dislikes Bender because he doesn’t have any respect for authority. He is very uptight and tries to get the students in trouble. It appears from his behavior that he thrives in h is position of power; one may safely assume that when he was the age of the students, he probably wasn’t popular or well liked by his peers. Carl caught Vernon reading the private school files; he then blackmails him to keep quiet. He eventually bonded with Carl and declares that he has various fears about the current generation. The group went through the predictable developmental stages including forming, storming, norming and performing phases. The group was formed because each of the students broke a school rule. While in this stage, the students are becoming oriented with each other and learning more about the group. The rules and procedures are being established. During the storming stage, conflicts begin to arise and social tension is apparent. For example, Claire expressed that she doesn’t â€Å"belong here. Bender continuously antagonizes Claire. Bender and Andrew have shouting matches almost bringing them to blows. Also, Allison had a strange outburst during Claire’s disclosure about her parents. The principle tries to set clear expectations and norms by telling the students that there is to be no moving, no talking, and no monkey business while in detention. However, in his attempt to establish the norms; the results prove to be unsuccessful because the group does not agree to Mr. Vernon’s rules. Instead, the students become quite rebellious and show disrespect for authority. Most of this behavior is exhibited by Bender who uses his status, power, and leadership within the group. In regards to performing, the group eventually accomplishes its task which was to write the 1000 word essay with Brian as the leader of this undertaking. The group also achieves other goals such as killing eight hours of detention while remaining free of boredom. They learned about each other and experienced and new found respect for through self-disclosures. They also rebelled against the established norms with each other. By the end of the day, they had established their own cohesive group and learned to look past their stereotypes of each other. However, they question whether or not they will remain as friends come Monday morning. I believe that this movie is a true depiction of high school life in the suburbs, as each group of students has stereotypes about the other groups amongst their peers. It is up to us the individuals to break down the barriers that prevent us from appreciating each others qualities and learn not to criticize and/or condemn our peers.

How motivation theories can be applied in your work-place?

Discuss how motivation theories can be applied in your work-place in order to get your work done successfully? Quote with examples to support the answer? Organizations and their managers are understandably concerned about motivation. Every manager and leader should know and work to make sure they keep their employees motivated no matter what place those employees are in their careers. Motivated employees are happy, productive and loyal. Motivation is a temporal and dynamic state that should not be confused with personality or emotion.A motivated person can be reaching for a long-term goal or a more short-term goal. Personality invariably refers to more or less permanent characteristics of an individual's state of being (e. g. , shy, extrovert, conscientious). As opposed to motivation, emotion refers to temporal states that do not immediately link to behavior (e. g. , anger, grief, happiness). The importance of motivation in the workplace allows managers to create employee motivation action plans.There are many theories of employee motivation in today's business society, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, MacGregor’s Theories X&Y, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, Three-Needs Theory and Goals-Setting Theory etc. The key to choosing the right one depends on how closely it matches up to your office. In my opinion Maslow's hierarchy of needs fits best for most business models. Maslow proposed that needs are satisfied in a certain order and that higher-level needs can only be satisfied once lower-level needs are met.The needs are, from bottom to top of the hierarchy: physiological (the need for food and water), safety and security, social, esteem and status, and the need for self-actualization, or living up to one's full potential. In the workplace, most employees' physiological needs are met. Given that they feel safe, employees will be concerned about satisfying their needs for social interaction and about receiving positive feedback and support (esteem) for their work. With all of these needs met, employees can stay motivated to do their best work.Employee motivation theories have created success for the workplace and everyday life. The effects have been felt by both employees and leaders. Understanding the importance of motivation leads to self-motivating. Theories of motivation allow us to determine what level of desire a person is willing to excel. With that knowledge in place, leaders can employ proper employee motivation strategies. How to apply those motivation theories into our workplace? Let’s find out some examples in my workplace: Surveys My Company have a big survey every year to all employees.The survey here asked employees 10 questions about their management teams. They grade each manager on a scale of one to five. The areas of questioned covered topics like favoritism, respect, work ethic, following of policy, etc. The results of the survey were used on end of year reviews. Surveys are used widely tod ay by almost every company. Companies use the feedback to discover problems and solutions. They may even shed light on possible new opportunities that were previously overlooked. Surveys can be used in the determination of whether any barriers exist.Barriers can take the form of ethical issues and problems with co-workers just to name a few. It's critical to identify these existing roadblocks and eliminate them for an easier motivating process. Understanding Employees In my company, management team will spend a little time to talk with each of employees that will go a long way. They not just talk about work; they also talk about what employees like to do outside of work. It makes employees come to the conclusion that company actually care about them. These facts will help them run their business more effectively.The most important point here is that they will not feel just like a number. Setting Goals Our management team setting goals for our projects, we able to persist with the li st of tasks and are compelled to develop strategies in order to reach our objective. Goal setting enhances performance by increasing motivation and efforts, but most importantly through increasing and improving the quality of feedback. The main benefit of goal setting is the constant feedback while working toward accomplishing the goal.Most quality feedback requires constant supervisor interaction, but clear goal setting can give employees consistent knowledge about their progress and aid them in self-evaluations and decisions such as increasing effort or changing methods. Employee Recognition Program My Company has set up an employee of the month program. The most outstanding employee will have awards like gift cards, days off. These programs are designed to motivate employees through awards. If just use traditional things like plaques and coffee mugs that say employee of the month.They will feel like you went out of your way for them. Enjoyable Work Environment This is the most im portant things to create employees motivation. Having a pleasant workplace environment will help in motivating employees and increase performance. Having fun is also a great way to manage Stress. For example, we will have Christmas party, Annual dinner and Chinese New Year lunch every year provided by company. Assemble Roundtable Committee In my Company, there are some key people like mid-level leaders, Department Heads group together and elect one representative.This individual will meet with management to discuss issues and concerns of the employees. Leaders often will say they have an open door policy. But many employees will not believe this. This committee will allow leaders to maintain a calm workplace. So in short: leaders get a good work environment, committee members feel important, and employees have a way to vent. Cross Training My Company arrange cross training for employees to join. The purpose of cross training is for several people to have knowledge of other coworkerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s jobs. This will solve coverage problems like days off and vacations.This is a great way to create employee motivation throughout the company. It will benefit the employees by increasing skills learned, possible advancement and job security. In Conclusion, motivation is a complicated subject to understand because we as people are so individual. Many different factors motivate people in the workplace. It is important that companies find successful ways to motivate employees. If motivation is an issue that is neglected because of its complexity or any other reason the results can be devastating on the long term health of that group.Managers act as the doctors diagnosing the problem and creating effective treatment. If the treatment is carefully prescribed a weak company can become strong and vibrant once again. No other issue has as far reaching effects in so many areas as motivation does in the workplace and careful attention must be made to ensure that those effects are posi tive and enable further growth. It is also important that employees find ways to relieve stress and make the work day more relaxed. All of these things will make for a pleasant and more productive workplace. How motivation theories can be applied in your work-place ?Discuss how motivation theories can be applied in your work-place in order to get your work done successfully? Quote with examples to support the answer? Organizations and their managers are understandably concerned about motivation. Every manager and leader should know and work to make sure they keep their employees motivated no matter what place those employees are in their careers. Motivated employees are happy, productive and loyal. Motivation is a temporal and dynamic state that should not be confused with personality or emotion.A motivated person can be reaching for a long-term goal or a more short-term goal. Personality invariably refers to more or less permanent characteristics of an individual's state of being (e. g. , shy, extrovert, conscientious). As opposed to motivation, emotion refers to temporal states that do not immediately link to behavior (e. g. , anger, grief, happiness). The importance of motivation in the workplace allows managers to create employee motivation action plans.There are many theories of employee motivation in today's business society, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, MacGregor’s Theories X&Y, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, Three-Needs Theory and Goals-Setting Theory etc. The key to choosing the right one depends on how closely it matches up to your office. In my opinion Maslow's hierarchy of needs fits best for most business models. Maslow proposed that needs are satisfied in a certain order and that higher-level needs can only be satisfied once lower-level needs are met.The needs are, from bottom to top of the hierarchy: physiological (the need for food and water), safety and security, social, esteem and status, and the need for self-actualization, or living up to one's full potential. In the workplace, most employees' physiological needs are met. Given that they feel safe, employees will be concerned about satisfying their needs for social interaction and about receiving positive feedback and suppor t (esteem) for their work. With all of these needs met, employees can stay motivated to do their best work.Employee motivation theories have created success for the workplace and everyday life. The effects have been felt by both employees and leaders. Understanding the importance of motivation leads to self-motivating. Theories of motivation allow us to determine what level of desire a person is willing to excel. With that knowledge in place, leaders can employ proper employee motivation strategies. How to apply those motivation theories into our workplace? Let’s find out some examples in my workplace: Surveys My Company have a big survey every year to all employees.The survey here asked employees 10 questions about their management teams. They grade each manager on a scale of one to five. The areas of questioned covered topics like favoritism, respect, work ethic, following of policy, etc. The results of the survey were used on end of year reviews. Surveys are used widely to day by almost every company. Companies use the feedback to discover problems and solutions. They may even shed light on possible new opportunities that were previously overlooked. Surveys can be used in the determination of whether any barriers exist.Barriers can take the form of ethical issues and problems with co-workers just to name a few. It's critical to identify these existing roadblocks and eliminate them for an easier motivating process. Understanding Employees In my company, management team will spend a little time to talk with each of employees that will go a long way. They not just talk about work; they also talk about what employees like to do outside of work. It makes employees come to the conclusion that company actually care about them. These facts will help them run their business more effectively.The most important point here is that they will not feel just like a number. Setting Goals Our management team setting goals for our projects, we able to persist with the l ist of tasks and are compelled to develop strategies in order to reach our objective. Goal setting enhances performance by increasing motivation and efforts, but most importantly through increasing and improving the quality of feedback. The main benefit of goal setting is the constant feedback while working toward accomplishing the goal.Most quality feedback requires constant supervisor interaction, but clear goal setting can give employees consistent knowledge about their progress and aid them in self-evaluations and decisions such as increasing effort or changing methods. Employee Recognition Program My Company has set up an employee of the month program. The most outstanding employee will have awards like gift cards, days off. These programs are designed to motivate employees through awards. If just use traditional things like plaques and coffee mugs that say employee of the month.They will feel like you went out of your way for them. Enjoyable Work Environment This is the most i mportant things to create employees motivation. Having a pleasant workplace environment will help in motivating employees and increase performance. Having fun is also a great way to manage Stress. For example, we will have Christmas party, Annual dinner and Chinese New Year lunch every year provided by company. Assemble Roundtable Committee In my Company, there are some key people like mid-level leaders, Department Heads group together and elect one representative.This individual will meet with management to discuss issues and concerns of the employees. Leaders often will say they have an open door policy. But many employees will not believe this. This committee will allow leaders to maintain a calm workplace. So in short: leaders get a good work environment, committee members feel important, and employees have a way to vent. Cross Training My Company arrange cross training for employees to join. The purpose of cross training is for several people to have knowledge of other coworker ’s jobs. This will solve coverage problems like days off and vacations.This is a great way to create employee motivation throughout the company. It will benefit the employees by increasing skills learned, possible advancement and job security. In Conclusion, motivation is a complicated subject to understand because we as people are so individual. Many different factors motivate people in the workplace. It is important that companies find successful ways to motivate employees. If motivation is an issue that is neglected because of its complexity or any other reason the results can be devastating on the long term health of that group.Managers act as the doctors diagnosing the problem and creating effective treatment. If the treatment is carefully prescribed a weak company can become strong and vibrant once again. No other issue has as far reaching effects in so many areas as motivation does in the workplace and careful attention must be made to ensure that those effects are pos itive and enable further growth. It is also important that employees find ways to relieve stress and make the work day more relaxed. All of these things will make for a pleasant and more productive workplace.

Autism Observation Paper Essay

Autism is a physical condition linked to abnormal biology and chemistry in the brain. Even though the causes for these abnormalities are unknown, there been a number of possible ways to have autism. For example the mothers diet while being pregnant, digestive track changes, mercury poisoning (which is one of the most well known reasonings), the body’s inability to properly use vitamins and minerals, or vaccine sensitivity. Many parents worry that giving their child a vaccine may lead up to them having autism, and being that a child can seem normal up to eighteen months, parents sometimes would rather wait till the child’s older to give them shots. However it’s important to think of your child’s risks of not having the vaccination. All routine childhood vaccines are available in single-dose forms that do not contain added mercury. Studies have shown that autism effect’s more boys in the world then girls. Some doctors believe’s the increase incidence of autism is from learning new definitions of autism. For example a child that is diagnosed with high-functioning autism today, was probably looked at as odd or strange thirty years ago. Some symptoms parents start to notice around eighteen months is while pretend play, social interactions or verbal or non-verbal communications. Some children appear normal up to age two and then start to regress, lose language and social skills they have gained, which is called regressive autism. Some examples are sensitivity to sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste. Have unusual distress, repeats body movements, or shows unusual attachments to objects. Some symptoms can moderate to severe like communicating with gestures instead of words, cannot start a conversation, speaks slow or not at all or repeats words that they’ve remembered from before. Children with autism usually don’t make friends, shows lack of empathy, may treat people like objects, or is withdrawn. Some act up, have short attention spans, or gets stuck on single topics. A child with autism can’t exactly go through a day like a normal child, but with help from others, they can definitely try to. They are very smart children, just may have a harder time understanding and doing things. For my site visit, I visited an after school program call â€Å"The Ymywaha† which is owned privately. In the classroom I visited the children were twos and threes. There were about fifteen kids in the class including two autistic boys around three years old. There was one main teacher, and assistant teacher and a helper for the two boys. I visited this class from three-thirty pm to around four-forty five pm. When I arrived the children were coming in from playing on the playground. They came in washed their hands and got ready to sit and talk about the butterflies they were growing in class. At this point, their butterflies were still in cacoons. Not only did they have butterflies in the classroom they had baby chicks. The children were well behaved and cooperated with the teachers. Except for one little boy, he was one that is autistic. When the teacher gathered the children to talk about their butterflies, he wanted to play with the baby chicks. He turned around ignored the class and stared at the baby chicks. A little long after, he picked up one of the chicks and held on to it really tight. His helper asked him to put the chick back, but he refused, she asked again and he refused, She then explained that they are talking about the butterflies right now and after then were done then he can play with the baby chicks. He dropped the chick and ran out the classroom. The helper teacher ran after him and spoke to him out in the hall. He walked back in calmly and sat with his other children. When I asked, I was told he was very rebellious. Quickly he got involved with the butterflies and forgot about wanting to play with the baby chicks. Meanwhile the other little boy with autism in the same class was more withdrawn from everyone. He was very quite and didn’t say or want to do much. He didn’t really interact with the other children. When I asked about him, the teachers explained that he doesn’t speak very well, but he’s very smart. It would take him a while to get things done but he does a great job. During the day at daycare he had speech classes to help his development in language. I enjoyed my visit. It taught me not one but, about two types of autism and helped me understand it a little better. I got to witness an autistic child act-up and see how a teacher would handle that child. I also enjoy the children in the class. I couldn’t believe how smart those little people are.

DAIMLER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DAIMLER - Essay Example In 2010, Daimler managed to form an alliance with Nissan and Renault (Reed, 2013). Before this alliance, it is important to denote that Daimler and Chrysler had a merger with Chrysler. But because of cultural differences, the merger ended. Under this alliance, Renault and Nissan allowed Daimler to use their channels of distribution, and production units. This is in countries such as Slovenia and Japan. Daimler on the other hand allowed Nissan and Renault to use their 6-4 cylinder technology to produce diesel engines for their productions. In 2012, Nissan allowed Daimler to use its production plans in Tennessee to manufacture their Mercedes brand. This was the first time that Daimler managed to produce vehicles at a North American trade zone. Another deal that occurred this year was the incorporation of Mitsubishi, into an alliance with Nissan-Renault-Daimler. Under this agreement, the companies agreed to share factories and production units for purposes of creating a huge multi-brand international automotive group. The purpose of creating this automotive group is to manage to compete against automotive giants such as Toyota, and Volkswagen. In this agreement, the three companies are to help Mitsubishi to develop electric cars at their North American plants, in exchange of using the distribution channels, and production units of Mitsubishi in Japan, and the emerging markets of Asia (Pearson, 2013). This deal covered mainly, the production of electric cars. Daimler does not only have a strategic alliance with Renault-Nissan, but it also has a alliance with Beijing Automotive company. Beijing Automotive Company (BAIC) is a state owned company in China. For purposes of capturing the Chinese market, and making its brand of Mercedes as a leading brand in China, the company had to form an alliance with BAIC. Most recently, Daimler entered into a deal with BAIC. In this deal, Daimler managed to acquire a 12% stake at BAIC. This was worth 844 million dollars. In return, Daimler was to cede the control of their manufacturing joint venture. BAIC was to increase its stake at this manufacturing joint venture from 50, to 51%. This gave it a controlling stake at this venture. Daimler and BAIC also had a joint sales operations alliance (Tejada, 2013). Under this deal, BAIC was to cede the control of their sales operations to Daimler. Therefore, Daimler was to increase its stake at their sales operations joint venture from 50 to 51%. Under these deals, Daimler is able to tie itself to its Chinese partners, and hence provide stiff competition to BMW. BMW is the leading luxury car brand in China, and Daimler seeks to overturn this. Another alliance is with that of Teslo Automakers Corporation. The company owns a 4.3% stake at Teslo, and it uses their drive train technology, for purposes of producing electric cars. The main reason of entering into an alliance with Teslo is to reduce the market share of BMW as a leading luxury car brand (Welch, 2013). Part Fo ur: The strategies of the company are divided in four main areas, namely (Daimler. 2013); Strengthening of the organization’s core businesses. In order to strengthen its core businesses, Daimler has embarked on improving the quality of its motor vehicles through innovation, and by using new and emerging technologies. These innovations are aimed at expanding the market share of the business, by catering for the needs of its customers, as well as improving the qua

Judicial Review in the UK and the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Judicial Review in the UK and the USA - Essay Example Judicial review was exercised even before that Constitutional Convention in several states. This is seen in respect of the fact that at least seven of 13 states had experienced the invalidation of their statutes on the grounds that that they violated the higher law or the constitution in one way or another. Hayburn's Case (1792) is one case that saw judicial review in practice as the court held the decision of Congress regarding pension applications unconstitutional. Hylton v. United States (1796) as decided by the US Supreme Court also saw Congress challenged in a matter relating to direct taxes. The Judiciary Act (Section 13) that establishes the US judicial courts gives the Supreme Court the authority to "to issue writs of mandamus, in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law, to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States" .Components of Judicial ReviewFor a higher law to be applied effectively, the ruler having constraint in making decisions, there needs to be a set of procedures through which the regulations can be translated into practical actions.   The procedures afore mentioned encompass the codification of the law in a manner that is legally cognizable in terms of language used, reliance on a competent institution to make interpretations of the regulations as well as the existence of a social agreement that the rulings made by the institution that interprets the regulations are supreme and must therefore be upheld. In simple terms judicial review demands three basic elements to be functional in the modern world; the existence of written law or a constitution, the existence of a competent institution (court) to interpret the law and finally respect for the ruling in respect of its

Drinking Three Glasses of Coffee Every Day can Prevent Senile Dementia Essay

Drinking Three Glasses of Coffee Every Day can Prevent Senile Dementia - Essay Example Among the contents that make up coffee are antioxidants which are beneficial for the protection of the cardiovascular. According to research, this helps in reducing the susceptibility of an individual to diabetes which is one of the major hearts disease risk factor. However, coffee also increases homocysteine levels in our blood systems, which in turn have negative effects on our aorta (Chu, 2012). Generally, one would say that when a risk factor is researched, on and the negative, positive effects flip back and forth like in this case, the is safe to assume that the harm or benefit is pretty minor. Do I ever question the existence of coffee or even stopped to wonder what it contains? Of course, I have. Coffee is not a new phenomenon and is quite a popular drink among most people globally. Its popularity currently is often associated with the different popular coffee outlets such as Starbucks and Coffee Bean. As you take your coffee, do you ever stop to marvel at what exactly it is t hat your body is consuming? In the past, most people were highly pessimistic about whether coffee actually has any health benefits, but researchers finally put our doubts at rest. Most people simply take coffee in order to quench their thirst without even realizing the actual health benefits that come when one regularly takes two to three cups of coffee daily (Mendelson,2009). The image below shows a varying range of coffee available at Starbucks. The main components that make-up coffee are caffeine and antioxidants.

Globalisation and Tourism and the impact on local and indigenous Essay

Globalisation and Tourism and the impact on local and indigenous cultures - Essay Example It is about establishing interconnected relations throughout the world. Through globalization one can eliminate the barriers that persist within nations, develop healthy trade, bridges communication errors and shares resources. One of the disadvantages of globalization is that it has increased crime level interstate. Los Angeles is one of the most densely polluted countries of the world. Pollution has literally damaged the entire city in such a way that its impact is very obvious. Tourism is an essential part of Los Angeles economy. Los Angeles is one of those countries that are a major tourist attraction, Los Angeles has the honour of housing the home of all legendary actors that is Hollywood. From amazing shopping malls to Hollywood and an amazing blend of various restaurants, Los Angeles offers everything that a tourist wants during vacations. While travelling the quality and the atmosphere of the environment go hand in hand. The environment is made up of natural as well as manmad e things which together build up the tourism in a state. The relation between tourism and environment tends to get very tangling at times. The effects of tourism are very controversial. At times they can be helpful in generating revenue for the state resulting in a fruitful economy and on the contrary it can damage and dent the city's environmental condition resulting in a disaster which can damage countries natural resources. Tourism leads to the development of the place with the construction of roads, parks, malls, resorts, restaurants, hotel, golf courses, airports etc. which eventually build up the infrastructure of a place. "The notion of a tourism system is extremely important when we start to consider the notion of impacts. If we are to evaluate the effects of tourism trips, we need not only to examine where in the system immediate impacts occur, but also to consider if there are system-wide effects that contribute to change in the broader environment. In the case of maritime ship emissions, for example, nitrogen oxide( NOx) have both local and global effects on atmospheric pollution. In the Los Angeles – Long Beach area of California, which is both the United States busiest port and the country's most polluted area, oceangoing vessels are among the largest source of NOx, emitting more NOx than all power plants and refineries in the region's air basin combined. This is significant because as well as being a green house gas (GHG) that contribute to global warming and climate change. NOx reacts with other volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere to produce ozone/smog. Particulates from marine vessels also create significant cancer risks, with an estimated more than 700 premature deaths caused in the Los Angeles area annually by these emissions as of 2008. Because of their often localized nature, the effects of NOx are not just felt in ports, but also along shipping transit routes. For example, Santa Barbara county in California, which has no co mmercial port, estimates by 2020, 67 percent of its NOx inventory will come from shipping traffic transiting the Californian coast." (Scott, 45). This particularly deals with the marine emission that has damaged Los Angeles brutally. This text

Macroeconomic Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Macroeconomic Situation - Essay Example As a result there are lesser incentives for the manufacturers to increase the production and so reduced industrial production is anticipated. The consumer spending, on the other hand, has increased rapidly (especially for food items), despite the fact that the household incomes had been reduced in the last quarter of 2009. Meanwhile, the inventories for the consumer goods and business supplies have reduced considerably in contrast to the inventories of different materials and equipment. Further, the inflation rate was anticipated to increase recently because of the increase in the oil prices. However, the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) inflation has remained more or less the same as the previous year. (FRB, 2010) The overall GDP has risen 14204 billion dollars after an increase of 5.6% in the last quarter of 2009. At this rate of economic expansion the economy can easily recover within a few months. But that is not quite likely. Despite the fact that the economy has improved considerably since the last quarter of 2009, it is still important to consider the fact that the US economy has grown only 0.1% over the last one year. (Fedec, 2010) Since the percentage by which the output worsened in 2008 was 1.9%, a lot of economic growth is needed to cover up for the loss. Also it is pertinent that the government gives importance to the strong expansion of the economy. Out of the 5.6% of the increase in the GDP over the last few months, 3.9% has been due to the rebuilding of inventories. (Fedec, 2010) Once the inventories are created the production is likely to fall. As a result the overall output production may fall. Although the labor market has improved considerably, the unemployment rate still is the highest that has been recorded in the last 26 years. (Fedec, 2010) If nothing is done by the government in this regard the situation can worsen. The

The politics by Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The politics by Aristotle - Essay Example In discussing the concept of the slave, Aristotle makes a clear distinction between those individuals who are considered slaves as a result of one nation conquering another and those who ‘natural slaves.’ Physically, Aristotle says the slave is constructed in such a way as to make him suitable for the tasks required by manual labor while the master is given a more upright carriage suitable for military life, other civic duties and managerial occupations. However, Aristotle recognizes many intellectual and spiritual differences between the master and the slave as well, making it possible for those naturally built to be slaves to have the spirit of a master and those built to be masters to have the spirits of slaves. After describing what is meant by the ‘natural slave’ and distinguishing him from the common animals, Aristotle goes on to distinguish what separates the slave from the master.To place the discussion in context, Aristotle first defines what the sl ave is within the greater society, â€Å"the slave is an animate article of property; and that subordinates, or servants, in general may be described as instruments which must first be present before other, and inanimate, instruments can be used† (Aristotle, 9-10). Within this description, the slave becomes an instrument of action essential for the functions of daily life within the household, not only serving the master, but â€Å"also belongs entirely to him, [and has no life or being other than that of so belonging]†

Fad diets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fad diets - Research Paper Example (Dr.Gandhi, 1994 p90) In the words of Merriam Webster, a fad diet is a diet that is followed for a time with exaggerated zeal. Its popularity spreads fast and is widely used but just for a short time within which its popularity comes to an abrupt end. This is because the diet so religiously followed does not work and fails terribly. (Flynn, 2006 p224) Fad diets often fly in the face of sound medical and nutritional research. These diets fail to provide the nutrients needed by our bodies to function. The world health organization, the American heart association and the American dietetic association among other health organizations strongly oppose the use of fad diets because they put our health at risk. (Mariana, 2004 P7) It is a three phase diet in which the first phase involves restriction to intake of fruit, bread, pasta, potatoes and baked goods. The second phase requires the dieter to add good carbs back to the diet while the third stage involves eating anything in moderation. (Healing self and spirit, p5) Dr. A.T.W Simeons propagated the idea of HCG diet in 1950’s.Hcg stands for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin normally found in the urine of pregnant women. It can be used as an obese treatment. Dr Simeon suggested that it could be used for weight loss if taken with calorie diet that is very low. Initially, the HCG diet was available as HCG injection, but later was found in the forms of gels, drops, powder and pills.HCG has become popular over time due to its affectivity and hassle-freeness as it helps people loss one calorie per day if used with very low calorie diets. Dr. Simeon purports that the diet does not have side effects can be used by anyone above 16 years without doctor’s prescription and guarantees one to live a normal life with no trouble while at it. He further says that it gives the dieter a fresh and younger look. (www.hcgdietdrops.org) The latest weight loss trend in Hollywood is the baby food diet which has

The literary of Philip Sidney Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The literary of Philip Sidney - Research Paper Example He was also able to get a university education: something that was only available to a few individual of his time and this inspired his appreciation of literary work. His work was not restricted to writing alone. Sidney was a very ambitious man and sought to have an impact in the political arena that often got him in trouble with the queen. For instance, he protested openly against the marriage of between a catholic duke and Queen Elizabeth (Duncan-Jones, 21). This led to him being banished from Queen Elizabeth’s Court. He now retired to his family estate at Wilton. Politics was the main theme in the Lady of May. It was written in 1578, while Queen Elizabeth was in a dilemma of accepting or refusing the marriage proposal of the Duke of Alencon. She was invited by the Earl of Leicester to his mansion, the Queen accepted the invitation, and stayed several days at the luxurious mansion where Sir Philip Sidney then presented and performed the play, The Lady of May was written for the occasion and for the entertainment of the queen. This writing might be called persuasive and political, because it was designed to win the favor of the queen and to influence political affairs. The Lady of May indicates the literary tradition of pastoral style of writing. Pastoral is a literary style or type of writing that shows the conventional image of rural life. Pastoral literatures are written from the point of view of rural characters, especially of shepherds. In some way, concerns in pastoral works are the tensions between nature and art, and the actual and the mythical. English Renaissance pastoral has traditional roots, nevertheless, it contains distinctly contemporary English foundations, including humanism, sentimentality, depictions of court reality, an anxiety of with real life and the use of sardonic and comedy. One cannot ignore the influence that her mother had on Sidney literary work. This

The Role of An Individual As It Comes From Toni Morrison Essay Example for Free

The Role of An Individual As It Comes From Toni Morrison Essay â€Å"If there’s a book you want to read, but it hasn’t been written yet, then you must write it. † (Morrison). In reading Toni Morrison’s short story â€Å"Recitatif,† there are several things that Morrison does for her readers that allow us to relate and make the story our own. Morrison is a prime example of how language and translation play a role in the reader’s experience and what the reader takes away from the story. In â€Å"Recitatif† Morrison also helps the reader understand how much the past affects one’s future. â€Å"The past is never dead, it’s not even past. † (William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun). The way in which Toni Morrison begins â€Å"Recitatif† is crucial to understand the entire story. It is just as Faulkner has said in the aforementioned quote; the past is never dead. Twyla and Roberta have both been dramatically affected by their past and the stereotypes others have planted. Before Twyla and Roberta even got to talk more than a few words, Twyla had assumptions about Roberta, ideas constructed by her past. This is ever true for each of us. Based on the experiences and circumstances we previously endured, we mold our future. Our individuality is mainly based  on others in that because of what others inflict on us or walk with us through, we build our future. We are but the summation of our past. Thurmond 2 Both girls may have had already formed ideas about each other. However the reader cannot do the same. Morrison does not allow the reader to know which character is white and which is black. She does this to portray the difference between necessary characteristics and accidental characteristics. By not know which girl is which race, we cannot make automatic assumptions, this is known as accidental characteristics. Accidental characteristics are not  provided in a story but assumed, and dramatically affect perception. A necessary characteristic is purposely revealed in hopes that we as readers would mold our ideas of the story more closely with what the author intended. Virginia Woolf believed that the problem with 1920s authors was that they focused on the physical, not the mental, but Toni Morrison removes the physical so readers can more accurately assess the story. Morrison is very straight to the point. She says what she needs to say and does not say what she does not need to say. She is honest and blunt, and this helps readers to dig deeper than the text. Her language is very easy to understand, she eliminates any questions of confusion readers may have regarding the story. Also, by her putting the story into easy-to-understand language, it allows the reader to relate to her on a new level. Simple language and easy translation helps the audience take the story and make it their own, thus giving them a connection to the work. When a reader says a story â€Å"speaks† to them, perhaps this is what they mean. If a reader can easily understand the story, they can easily dig deeper and re-tell the story in a way that only they can. My version of â€Å"Recitatif† would be considerably different that  someone else’s because it means something different to me than to them. There are many things to be said about Toni Morrison and her story â€Å"Recitatif†. As it relates to language and translation, I do not think anyone would complain about her style. She has a way with words that allows the reader to, instead of evaluating the story, evaluate Thurmond 3 themselves through her story. Is this not what it is all about? As individuals, Morrison encourages us to be ourselves, because that is all we can be. We can shape our lives and tell our story in a way that no one else could; so be you, no one else can do that.

Calculating National Income and Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Calculating National Income and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 1.0 Introduction of Task 1 In task 1, this task are about the economy of Europe and Japan grow rapidly, this will increase growth of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States. The three country have their own market. Japan is free market and the economy of the United States is the worlds biggest single national economy. 1.1 Economy of Japan Japans industrialized and free-market economy. Japan is the third-largest country in the world. Japan economy is the highly efficient and competitive in areas linked to international trade, but productivity is lower and far in protected areas such as distribution,agriculture and services. Japan have some natural resources, and trade helps Japan to earn the foreign exchange needed to purchase the raw materials for its economy. As the worldwide demand for its goods tumbled, the Bank of Japan reported the real GDP growth of -5.5% in the final year of 2009. Japan recovered the slightly in year 2010 and reported the real GDP growth of 4.4 percent. 1.2 Economy of Japan United States (US) of GDP When the US economy slowdown or rebound, the comparisons to Japan seem to follow. Though the comparisons are debated, there has one idea which isn’t is the idea that Japan has had a â€Å"lost decade†. The main data for supporting this is the Nikkei, which still hasn’t returned to its 1990 peaks and Japanese GDP which has grown at a down pace for decades. It’s debatable whether an equity of average moving from extreme overestimate the territory to more reasonable valuations is a reflection of a stagnant economy. What’s not quite as debatable though is that growth of GDP has lagged the US. To refer appendix 1 . 1.3 Economy of Europe The European Economy since 1945 is a convenience, broad and frank account of the extraordinary development of Europes economy since the end of World War II. Barry Eichengreen is an American economist. He argues that the continents of history has been critical to its economic performance, and that it will be continue to so going forward. Economic growth was the facilitated by unite-centered trade unions, cohesiveness of employers associations, and growth minded of governments for all legacies of Europes earlier history. For example, these institutions worked together to mobilize savings, finance investment, and stabilize wages. 1.4 Economy of Europe United States (US) of GDP According to earlywarn (Stuart Staniford, 2012) showed that the graph about US and Europe real GDP of year 2007. Eurostat came out with the 4 number for GDP and, expected given the data stream of contractionary looking data out of the Europe lately. It showed a moderate of (0.3%) drop over the prior quarter. It was the contrast for both and it to the rather stronger for US data. The level of real GDP for both economies with both normalized to set Q4 of year 2007 to 100. The data are from Eurostat and the BEA. To refer appendix 2. 1.5 GDP of United States (US) The economy of the United States is the worlds biggest single national economy. The United States is a mixed economy and has maintained a stable overall of GDP growth rate,a moderate unemployment rate, and the high levels of research and capital investment. Its have five largest trading partners are Canada, China, Japan, Mexico and Germany. According to UsaToday (Pual Davidson, 2014) showed that he nations gross domestic product in the last three months of year 2013 increased at a 2.6% annual rate, up from the previous estimate of 2.4percent. Thats the governments third and final estimate of fourth-quarter of growth.The economy of US grew more briskly than the government previously estimated in the fourth quarter on stronger consumer of spending, among other factors. To refer appendix 3. 1.6 Conclusion of Task 1 In the conclusion of task 1, Europe and Japan both also will affect the US GDP. When the US economy slowdown or rebound, comparisons to Japan seem to follow. Europe and US GDP both are contrast for both and it to the rather stronger US data.The level of real GDP for both economies with both normalized. 2.0 Introduction of Task 2 In task 2 have A and B question. Question A are about the problem encounterd in calculating the national income. Question B are about the table of Country Xanadu for year 2012. 2.1 Task 2 (A): The Problems of Calculating the National Income. Accordig to Fahim Patel, the Content Manager of guesspapers.net showed that the problems will faced while calculating the national income.There have some of the problems and the difficulties that are usually faced while calculating the national income are as follows. When calculating the national income, there is that what should be included and what excluded with the respect to the services and product produced. This is one of the greatest difficulties of calculating the national income. Next problem is the calculation of the depreciation. The main cause of behind it is that because of both the amount and the composition of jour capital will change from time to time. There are no standard and concept rules of depreciation that can be applied. When depreciation is an estimate of correct deduction can be made until or unless these accurate depreciation estimates are not deducted from the estimate of net national product the net national income is bound to false. In addition to, the treatment of the government also is the problem while calculating the national income. Government will have some expenditures such as the defiance and administration expenditure, social welfare expenditure, payment of interest on national debts and the miscellaneous development expenditure. The reality problem that is faced relates to which of the above should be included in the national income. Another problem is the income from foreign firms. This is the major problem of relates to the fact that are weather the income arising from the activities of the foreign firms operating in a country should be included in the countries national income or not. Besides, double counting also is the problem. The proper of care is required for calculating national income so that double counting may not take place. This problem usually will occur in those countries where proper the documentation or statistics are unavailable. Lastly is the value of inventories. It is not easy to calculate the value of raw materials, semi finished the product and finished the goods in the custody of producers there fore it creates some problems. 2.2 Task 2 (B) : The Table of Calculate from Country Xanadu 2012 Formula Answer (RM) Gross Domestic Product at Market Price Private consumption expenditures + Gross investment +Government consumption expenditure + (Exports – Imports) 900 + 1000 + 800 + (2000 1000) =3700 Gross Market Price at Market Price Gross Domestic Price at Factor Cost Gross Domestic at Market Price + Subsidy – Indirect taxation 3700 + 200 – 500 = 3400 Net National Product at Factor Cost Gross Domestic Price at Factor Cost + (Exports Imports) Depreciation 3400 + (2000+ 1000) – 200 = 4200 Net National Output at Market Price Gross Domestic at Market Price + Net factor income from foreign countries Depreciation 3700 + 900 – 200 = 4400 The Net Investment Gross Investment Depreciation 1000 – 200 = 800 Corporate Profit 2.3 Conclusion of Task 2 In the conclusion of task 2, there have some problem will occur when calculating the national income. We have to avoid the the problem recurs again by more practice of the calculating the national income. References Staniford, S. (2012). Early Warning: US vs EU GDP Growth. [online] Earlywarn.blogspot.com. Available at: http://earlywarn.blogspot.com/2012/02/us-vs-eu-gdp-growth.html Patel, F. (2014). Difficulties Faced while Calculating National Income | guesspapers.net. [online] Guesspapers.net. Available at: http://www.guesspapers.net/1337/difficulties-faced-while-calculating-national-income/ Statista, (2014).United States Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate 2014 | Statistic. [online] Available at: http://www.statista.com/statistics/263614/gross-domestic-product-gdp-growth-rate-in-the-united-states/ Murakami, Y., Patrick, H. and Yamamura, K. (1987). The Political economy of Japan. 1st ed. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Neal, L. (2007). The economics of Europe and the European Union. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stone, R. and Stone, G. (1962). National income and expenditure. 1st ed. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. Hiroyuki, O. (1992). Growth through Competition, Competition through Growth : Strategic Management and the Economy in Japan. 1st ed. [ebook] Oxford, GBR: Clarendon Press, p.203. Available at: http://library.olympia.edu.my:2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10274571p00=japan%20economy Kemal, S. (2009). Measuring the Economy : GDP and NIPAs. 1st ed. [ebook] New York, NY, USA: Nova, p.15. Available at: http://library.olympia.edu.my:2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10671149p00=united%20states%20gdp Steve, V. (2001). U.S. and Japan Relations in a Changing World. 1st ed. [ebook] Washington, DC, USA: Brookings Institution Press, p.262. Available at: http://library.olympia.edu.my:2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10026222p00=japan%20united%20states Appendix Appendix 1 Appendix 2

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Essay -- Julius Ca

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, the story revolves around the various individuals who would vie for control of the Roman Empire. All of these individuals exhibit various attributes, values, and techniques in order to facilitate this goal, from Cassius’ intelligence, Brutus’ charm and honor, to Antony’s gift to drive a crowd. And although all three desire to become the new strongman leader of Rome, it is Antony who succeeds gaining the most control through his own specific talents, most specifically noted at Caesar’s funeral. At the funeral scene, Antony exhibits several qualities beneficial to a Roman leader, such as oratory and appeasement skills. The dialogue depicted in Act III, scene ii provides a valuable and insightful perspective on how these values were desirable for leadership in the late Roman Republic. One of these important virtues necessary for rule is the ability to move a large crowd with impressive orating skills. This ability is seen particularly by Brutus in his first speech, as he manages to move the Roman crowd from fear at the assassination to disdain of the now late Julius Caesar. As Brutus spoke to the masses, he made sure to cleverly weigh his loyalty to Caesar to his loyalty to Rome, as he claims, â€Å"not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more† (III, ii, 23-24). He even more cleverly sets the crowd with himself and against Caesar as he dares those loyal to Rome to challenge his judgement: â€Å"Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak, for him have I offended. I pause for a reply† (III, ii, 33-36). Thus, while playing on the crowd’s loyalties and using his love for Rome and... ...and whipping them into a fury. This ability to appease, employed by Octavius later in history to much success, also characterizes the typical Roman strongman as the primary example of an exceptional leader. The capability of moving the public with strong words and to gratify their desires are indeed qualities advantageous to being a leader in ancient Rome. As Antony displays, these abilities can set an individual apart from his counterparts and place the upper hand in favor of the person with most control of the general public. Thus, his control of the crowds lends him the power he needs to turn the tables against Brutus and the conspirators, and he succeeds in gaining control of Roman leadership with his beneficial set of talents, abilities, and virtues. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. New York: Folger Shakespeare Library, 1992

Teacher Expectations and Education Essay example -- Education Teaching

Teacher Expectations and Education One thing I’ve learned this year is that teachers must always strive to adapt to the wide range of individual student abilities, learning styles, and interests even within a single class, but still maintain reasonable expectations, especially if tracking is present in the school. Through my observations, it seems that teacher expectations for students became increasingly lower with each "track." Furthermore, minority, low socioeconomic status and learning support students most frequently appear, in the lower tracks. The low expectations in these classes may be reflected in the students as they leave the school and attempt to function in society. Research by NCTE suggests that ability tracking is detrimental to some groups of students and to many individual students. I will be exploring how low expectations may cause inappropriate behaviors, lack of interest in subject matter, and resistance to learning and how tracking exacerbates these problems. I think it is important, as I discuss expectations in different tracks, to show the composition of students that make up each of the classes that I observed and taught, as it appears that minority, low SES, and learning support students tend to make up the lower tracks. I remember feeling; both shock and surprise when I learned that State College still practices a form of tracking, but Regular, College Prep, and Advanced English seemed pretty harmless at first. The distinct difference between the curriculum and "types" of students from level to level, particularly from Regular to College Prep is what soon began to catch my interest. I should first point out that in the 9th and 10th grades there are only two tracks, Regular and Advanced. Juniors ... ... artwork.† I truly believe (and I’m sure this will be worked out of me at some point) that the moment a teacher says or even thinks that a student is incapable of some task, that is the moment that the student becomes incapable. So what’s the solution to being sensitive to student needs, yet not single them out, labeling, or lowering expectations? Maybe the CTI has some value. Why not simply have two tracks, Regular/College Prep and Advanced (as researched by The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented Learner does show that gifted students benefit from tracking) but keep the CTI model of two teachers collaborating in some way and smaller class sizes? With fewer students, teachers would have more time to give individualized help without labeling or segregating certain students and it is less likely that expectations would be lowered unnecessarily.

Materialism in Todays Society Essay -- Consumerism America Capitalism

Materialism in Today's Society Have you ever sat down and really thought about how much you value your possessions? Do you value your belongings more than you value friends, family, love, or yourself? The truth is that obsession with possessions has become a way of life in today's society. Materialism has been defined as the theory or doctrine that physical well-being and worldly possessions constitute the greatest good and highest value in life. (Heritage Dictionary, 3rd ed.) This means that we look to possessions to bring us happiness. We then use these possessions to make things and people behave or respond the way we desire. We have become so successful at fabricating and manipulating the world that we have come to believe that altering our surroundings is the way to solve all of our problems. We go through life contemplating that inner well-being depends on what we have or do. Due to these assumptions, materialism now carries the status that people?s religion, occupations, and bloodlines used to carry (Twitchell 1999). We identify ourselves and others by what we wear, what we have, and what brands we sport. Our unrestrained consumption ascends the unlimited number of goods and merchandise available (Twitchell 1999). As the quantity and variety of products grow Materialism in Today?s Society 3 larger, so does the demand for these products, thus resulting in mass branding. A brand is a product name or logo, that when consumers become familiar with, immediately brings to mind a specific product or service (Pavitt 5).We, as humans, want to fit in so we wear and use certain brand names because of the status we gain from them. Everywhere we look, there are dozens of newspapers, magazines, billboards, and televis... ...e. Materialism has been found to help us deal with life and problems and help us escape from all the issues of the real world? Just like a drug, material objects, luxury, and all the finer things bring us happiness and fulfillment. This is why I have come to believe that materialism has become more of a way of life for people in today?s society. References Boston, Gabriella (2003). Designed to Fit In; Teen Fashion Defined by Peer Pressure. (The Washington Times, D01). Bothelo, Greg (2002). The Brand Name Game. (CNN New York, Dec. 05, 2005). Pavitt, Jane. Brand. New. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000). Russel, Peter (2000). Waking Up in Time, Materialism- An Addictive Meme. Kulman, Linda (2000) Our Consuming Interest. (U.S. News and World Report, 2000). Plasticsurgeryresearch.info. Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Research. (2002-2003).

Watching a movie at a cinema and at home, which do you prefer? Essay

Watching movies is an amazing activity to relax for many people nowadays. After a hard-working day, what can be more satisfying than watching films and concentrating with amusement on the plots? I like seeing films, too. Although I have many film DVDs at home, I still prefer watching films at cinemas. One of the biggest factors that make me feel like watching films at cinemas is the bigger screen and realer sound I can enjoy there. I have a TV which can play my DVDs, but while their quality approach that founds in the cinema , big home movie systems are too expensive . Furthermore, even if I could afford it, I still would not feel as satisfied as in a cinema, because I know that cinemas always invest their capital in developing the quality of their films, so the images and sound in cinemas are usually perfect, and I do not think that anyone can easily get such quality in his home. Besides a higher quality of the films, a second factor that makes me attached to cinemas is that I can take this as an opportunity to go out and get out of the confine of my house. After an exhausting week with a lot of stresses that have strained on me, time for resting is really invaluable for me. So I always wait for weekends to relax, at night, I want go out and breathe the cool breeze of the night, and I often go to the cinema to see a film so that I can effectively use the remaining time of freedom. This is also a chance for me to get out of my house and enjoy a new wider space, interact with people and be more positive. Additionally, I can watch the film with many people. Actually, I can invite my friends to my house to watch a film with me, but I still do not think it is a great idea, because nowhere can we find as many people watching the same movie as in a cinema. Moreover, when watching film in a cinema, one can laugh, cry and even be scared about the films with people all around him, he can talk freely with others about the film and the characters, which makes the films even more interesting and more attracting than at home.

How Technology Advancement has influenced Computer Ethics Essay

The 21st century has been dubbed †the digital age† because of the monumental achievements witnessed in the Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) fields, which have impacted every aspect of human life. The internet has become one of the most lucrative Information Technology (IT) tool which has made communication and exchange of information faster and efficient. Consequently, it has transformed how people consume information. In spite of its benefits, the internet has led to a severe decline in ethics among internet users (Salman, Saad & Ali, 2013). The widespread use of internet has led to increased and sophisticated crimes, terrorism and wars (May, 2004). This essay will be based on a case involving hackers who hold Personal Computers (PC) hostage. It will outline the potential computer ethics issues associated with holding computers hostage. It will also highlight methods that computer users could use to prevent this type of attack. Moreover, it will highlight governmental legislations that could be enacted against this type of attack. Ethics is defined as the principles governing both right and wrong among free humans (free moral agents), whose actions are influenced by their freedom of choice (Soskolne, n.d). Advancement of technology presents both positive and negative impacts to a society. Technological advancements have led to a rapid decline in social and ethical issues regarding to security and privacy of personal information (Shieh & Tanthuwanit, 2004). One of the major forms of social ethic violation includes hackers holding personal computers hostage, and hence infringing on both privacy and security of targeted computer users. This in turn compromises information security concerned with the protection of information confidentiality, availability  and integrity (Gordon & Loeb, 2002) According to Perlroth (2014), cyber criminals have devised a new mechanism of freezing computers through malwares, and then demanding a steep ransom pay before unlocking them. Perlroth (2014) adds that computer owners throughout the world have fallen victims of this malicious attack, which denies them access to their personal computers and files stored on them. The hackers instead serve them with a â€Å"pop up† message demanding some ransom payment before their computers could be unlocked. Hackers holding computers hostage infringe on personal privacy, and gain access to sensitive information regarding online bank accounts, security passwords and other highly private information (Perlroth, 2014). Security systems and other general-purpose computers are also vulnerable to this kind of attack because, if these hackers can break into users’ accounts even from [GoDaddy] domains to create malicious subdomains through which they send mails to target clients (Perlroth, 2014), then every computer system is vulnerable to such attacks. This means that not only is the privacy of the computer users compromised, but also the security of their data and the general security of their computer systems (The Canadian Press, 2014). In order to prevent hackers from holding computers hostage, computers users should double check their domain names, user accounts or web addresses before responding to any email clicks. In line to this, Perlroth (2014) observes that: Hackers were breaking into GoDaddy users’ accounts with stolen passwords and setting up what is known as a subdomain †¦ hackers would set up the Web address†¦ then send emails to customers †¦ because it appeared to come from a trusted source – was more likely to lure clicks. Likewise also, users should either contact an IT professional to help them remove the ransomware incase infected, or they can wipe their computers clean through formatting them and reinstalling new Operating system as well (Perlroth, 2014). In addition, professional network security personnel should be consulted in order to ensure that passwords, firewalls, authentications and proxy servers among other security utilities are properly set and enhanced to fortify system security (French, 2012) Although the hunting, catching and eventual convicting of these hackers has not yet achieved substantial success (Perlroth, 2014), the government should enact privacy laws that pronounce higher penalty for perpetrators of personal privacy and security infringement so that their benefit is less in value when compared to pending punishment. Some of the active laws that have been enacted to curb this tragedy include the Computer Fraud and Abuse Acts which cover the use of malicious codes including worms, viruses, and other malicious programs intended to alter or damage data in a user’s computer (Title 18 U.S.C Section 1030). Another legislation that could counter this attack is the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act (NIIPA) which criminalizes the transmission of a command, program, or code with malicious intentions [like holding a compute hostage] (Colombell, 2002). In conclusion, when hackers hold computers hostage, they infringe on the personal privacy and security of personal information. During the period when the computers are held hostage, computer users not only risk having their sensitive information accessed and sometimes damaged, but they are also financially exploited in order to have their computers unlocked. Some of the feasible strategies of avoiding this attack include exercising a lot of care regarding the types of sites visited and clicked, and avoiding sending payments to hackers whenever a computer is hacked. Instead seek immediate assistance from a professional who will help you to manually get rid of the ransomware without paying the hackers off. References Colombell, M., R. (2002). The Legislative Response to the Evolution of Computer Viruses. 8 RICH. J.L. & TECH. 18. Retrieved from < http://jolt.richmond.edu/v8i3/article18.html> French, A., M. (2012). A Case Study on E-Banking Security – When Security Becomes Too Sophisticated for the User to Access Their Information. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 17(2). Gordon, L., & Loeb, M. (2002). The Economics of Information Security Investment. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 5 (4), 438–457. May, M. (2004). Federal Computer Crime Laws. SANS Institute. Retrieved from < http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/legal/federal-computer-crime-laws-1446? Show=federal-computer-crime-laws-1446&cat=legal > Perlroth, N. (2014, April 22). Hackers holding your PC to ransom. Deccan Herald. Retrieved from < http://www.deccanherald.com/content/297460/hackers-holding-your-pc-ransom.html.> Salman, A., Saad, S., & Ali, M., N. (2013). Dealing with Ethical Issues among Internet Users: Do We Need Legal Enforcement? Asian Social Science, 9(8): 3-8. Shieh, M., & Tanthuwanit, K. (2004). Privacy and Security: Internet Hacking and Surveillance. Retrieved from < http://www.ethicapublishing.com/CH16.pdf> Title 18 U.S.C Section 1030, internet, http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1030.html Soskolne, C., L. (n.d). Workplace Health and Safety Information: Ethical Issues. Retrieved from < http://ilocis.org/documents/chpt19e.htm> The Canadian Press (2014, April 14). Computer hacking expert says more bad news to come from Heartbleed. Edmonton Journal. Retrieved from

My Favourite Book Essay

Lots of people read tabloid newspapers. Tabloid nespapers are read by lots of people. 2. Sue Green reads the news on television. The news on television is read by Sue. 3. The witness is helping the police. The police is being helped by the witness. 4. The newspapers aren’t publishing the photographs. The photographs aren’t published by the newspapers. 5. The police have arrested the driver. The driver has been arrested by the police. 6. The thief had taken the painting before the gard woke up. The paintinghad been taken before the guard woke up. 7. The company will deliver the flowers the next day. The flowers will be delivered the next day. 8. The government is going to give every school student a computer. A computer is going to be given to the every school student by the government. 9. You can buy a magazine on the train. A Magazinecan be boughton the train. (by you) 10. My sister made a pop video. The pop videowas made by my sister. Complete this radio news report using a passive form on the verbs in the brackets ! Good afternon . The lunch time news today will be read(read) by John Houard. The prime minister has visited a primary school in Ipswich where she (meet)has been metby the children and their teachers. She opened a new sports centre that (build)was built with money raised by the parents and teachers. Another $20 000 (need)are needed to finish the swimming pool so more money raising activities ( organise)will be organised for the summer months. Earlier today a group of pensioners was in accident when their coach (hit)was hit by lorry. The pensioners (help )were helped by local people until ambulances arrived. Most the passanger (alow)wasn’t alowed to go home immediately, but thoose with more serious injuries (take)have been taken to Norwich central hospital later today. Witnesses say that the lorry (drive)was being drivingtoo fast. Rewrite the sentences using have/get something done ! 1. I will ask someone to repair my school bag. I will have my school bag repaired . 2. My sisters car is being seviced. My sister is getting her car serviced . 3. Someone is testing my father’s eyes. My father is getting his eyes tasted . 4. The grass is too long – I will pay someone to cut it. I will get the grass cut. . 5. I have taken my trousers to the cleaners. I have had my trousers cleaned. Rewrite the descriptions using compound adjectives ! 1. A skiing holiday that is two weeks long. Two-week skiing holiday is too long for me. 2. A baby who is six months old. Six month-old baby is very healthy. 3. A men with white hair. White-haired man is old and lovely. 4. A flight of six hours. Six-hour flight is boring. 5. A carpet made by hand. Handmade carpet is beautiful. Circle the correct preposition to form multipart verbs ! 1. When we have visiters we turn off/over the television. 2. My father always goes to sleep with television turned on/over. . My sister turns on/overthe channel to annoy me. 4. I turn down/to volume during the advertisements. 5. When I want to watch football I turn to/upmy mom for support. Circle the correct words in the latter ! Dear Colleague, On the 14th of june we will be holding a party to celebrate/celebration to success of our latest game show/opera. As you know, Win a Car! Is very popular/popularity and it will be good publish/publicityto hold a big thank-you party for stuff and successful players. The organise/organisation of the party is being done by my assistent. Yours faithfully.

Close Reading Essay

The answers to these questions emerge more from the doing than the talking. Briefly, close reading is a basic tool for understanding, taking pleasure in, and communicating one’s interpretation of a literary work. The skills employed in close reading lend themselves to all kinds of cultural interpretation and investigation. Close reading takes language as its subject because language can operate in different ways to convey meaning. Reading sensitively allows one to remain open to the many ways language works on the mind and heart. When an assignment calls for close reading, it’s best to start by choosing a brief but promising passage and checking your assumptions about its content at the door. Close reading often reveals the fissures between what the speaker or narrator says and how she or he says it. You know from your own experience that life involves constant, often unconscious sifting of these nuances. Here are some useful steps. 1. Choose a short passage that allows you to investigate the details closely. Here, for example, is the first paragraph of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, Chapter 2. In addition to what has already been said of Catherine Morland’s personal and mental endowments, when about to be launched into all the difficulties and dangers of a six weeks’ residence in Bath, it may be stated, for the reader’s more certain information, lest the following pages should otherwise fail of giving any idea of what her character is meant to be; that her heart was affectionate, her disposition cheerful and open, without conceit or affectation of any kind—her manners just removed from the awkwardness and shyness of a girl; her person pleasing, and when in good looks, pretty—and her mind about as ignorant and uninformed as the female mind at seventeen usually is. This single sentence will give us plenty to work with. 2. Look at diction. What kinds of words does Austen use? Does she aim for lofty diction (used for special occasions) or common diction? Are the words long or short, Latinate or Anglo-Saxon, specialized (i.e. legalistic, medical, jargon, elite) or ordinary? Remember that the rules for diction are different at different times in history. 3. Next, look at sentence structure. Can you map the sentence (find the subject and verb, locate phrases and clauses)? Is it a simple, compound, or complex sentence? How does the structure of the sentence relate to its content? Does the author use active or passive verbs? What rhythms does the sentence structure create—long flowing ones, short choppy ones—and how do these relate to the meaning? 4. After you have looked at language (and there are other technical issues one might pay attention to), you can begin to analyze tone. Is the narrator being straightforward, factual, open? Or is she taking a less direct route toward her meaning? Does the voice carry any emotion? Or is it detached from its subject? Do you hear irony? Where? If so, what complications does the irony produce? 5. At this point, you may discover some difference between what the author appears to be doing (giving you a complete, unbiased picture of her character) and what she also accomplishes (raising doubts about whether these qualities are worth having, whether her character is a heroine after all, whether women have minds at all, therefore whether this narrator can be trusted at all, etc.). You can now begin to talk about the ways Austen’s language, which seems to invite our confidence, is also complicating its message by raising these doubts. 6. At this point, you can propose a generic hypothesis, something like, â€Å"In this passage, Austen raises doubts about Catherine Morland’s character through her use of deliberately banal diction, her strained sentence structure, and her ironic use of the terms of character description for heroines.† 7. You can proceed to fill in the outlines of this point by explaining what you mean, using details and quotations from the passage to support your point. 8. You still, however, need an argument and will need to go back to your opening to sharpen the thesis. The question is Why? Or to what effect? Your thesis might build on what you’ve already written by suggesting: Austen creates this irony early in the novel to alert the reader to the ways she’s subverting narrative conventions. Or: The effect of this description of Catherine is to undermine any notion of her powers as a heroine and to introduce Austen’s theme that true character emerges from weakness rather than strength. Or: Austen’s cavalier treatment of her heroine suggests that she has little respect for the typical education of young women. 9. Even with these more developed statements, you will need to explain and support your point further. But you will have achieved some very important things, namely: 1) you have chosen a specific piece of the text to work with, hence avoiding huge generalizations and abstractions that tend to turn a reader off; 2) you have moved from exposition (explaining what’s there—and really, shouldn’t a reader be able to figure these things out for him or herself?) to arguing a point, which will involve your reader in a more interactive and risky encounter; 3) you have carved out your own reading of the text rather than taking the more well-worn path; 4) you have identified something about Austen’s method that may well open up other areas of the text for study and debate. Bravo! 10. With your more refined thesis in place, you can go back and make sure your supporting argument explains the questions you’ve raised, follows through on your argument, and comes to a provocative conclusion. By the end, you may be able to expand from your initial passage to a larger point, but use your organization to keep the reader focused all the way. The most exciting thing for a reader, and the most useful for an essayist, is that close reading generally offers surprises. Your project is not so much about telling readers what they probably can see for themselves but what they might have missed that could delight them. It’s helpful, then, to go into the paper with an open mind and be ready to adjust your thesis to the evidence you find in the text. Have a blast!

Community Teaching Essay

Health promotion is very important in today’s society. There are many things people can do in order to maintain good health, yet most are uninformed about this. Obesity is one of the leading health concerns in America and must be dealt with immediately. It is because of this that a student has decided to teach a fifth grade class with twenty three students about what obesity is, what problems it causes, and how it can be avoided. The teacher uses visual aids, games, trivia, and much more in order to get the students more interested in what they are going to learn. The teacher informs the students about how important it is to make healthy eating choices by using the food pyramid as a guideline. Students are also informed that exercise is key to living a healthy lifestyle. The teacher begins the class by playing a quick game. The teacher then asks the students to each take out a piece of paper and write down as many fruits and vegetables as they can. The students are told that the person who has thought of the most fruits and vegetables will win a prize. When finished with the game, the teacher will then introduce the topic of obesity to the children and the importance of preventing it by eating healthy foods. Students are told that â€Å"obesity is defined as having an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is more than just about looks. It increases your risk of diseases and health problems such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure† (J.Crawford,2014). The teacher then tells the students that in the past ten years, obesity in children in the U.S has gone from 7-18 percent (CDC,2012). The main portion of this lesson revolves around the food pyramid. The food pyramid consists of 6 essential healthy food groups: Grains/rice, fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat/fish/poultry, fats/oils/sweets. The food pyramid acts as a guideline by showing students the necessary servings of each food group in order to stay healthy. It is essential for students to understand the food pyramid because it is a roadmap to healthy living. The students were not only taught about healthy eating, but also other ways to ensure that they maintain their health. One thing they were taught is the importance of being active daily. Students can do things such as playing sports, running, or bike riding in order to stay healthy and have fun doing it. It was said that rather than avoiding all types of junk food, it is better to simply eat it in moderation. The end of the lesson consisted  of trivia questions that the children answer in order to win a prize. By teaching the students this information, the teacher can ensure that they will live a better life. The epidemiological rationale for this topic is very serious. Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years (CDC,2014). The percentage of children age 6-11 years in the U.S. who were obese increase from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Rate of obese adolescents ages 12-19 years increase from 5% to nearly 21% over the same period (CDC,2014). Obese adolescents are more likely to have pre-diabetes. Children and adolescents who are obese are at greater risk for coronary heart disease, bone and joint problems, sleep apnea, social and psychological problems such as poor self esteem. â€Å"Reducing childhood obesity is a public health priority that has substantial health and economic benefits†(Maurer, Frances, C. Smith, 2013.) The teacher claims that the overall teaching experience was quite enjoyable. It is extremely beneficial to be able to teach young children about topics that they are not well informed about. By teaching children about such serious health hazards at a young age, it is more likely that they will strive to take the necessary measures in order to avoid these hazards. The teaching experience allowed the teacher to see how much children knew about health promotion as well as what they wanted to know. The teacher learned how to make different topics easily understandable for children and as well as making the entire learning process fun and enjoyable. This experience helped the teacher realize that even by teaching a small group of children from one school, it is possible to make a difference in the health and wellbeing of America’s children. The community responded rather positively to the teaching. The students were excited to learn about new health promotion tips through a series of games and activities. The children were shocked to see how serious obesity really is as well as how many children it has affected throughout the country. Before this lesson, the children believed that eating healthy meant cutting out all types of sweets and sugary drinks completely. The children were elated to hear that they can be healthier while still enjoying some of their favorite desserts. Kids  react positively to games and rewards because it makes learning more fun. By getting the kids’ attention, the teacher ensures that they are listening and paying close attention to everything that the teacher has to say. After learning about obesity and the many negative affects that come from it, the children promised to change their eating habits as well as be more active in order to make sure that they stay fit throughout their lives. The children agreed to eat more fruits and vegetables and to play outside much more. The children have promised to limit the amount of time they watch television and play on the computer and replace it with riding their bikes or going to the park. This teaching process has taught the teacher about not only her strengths, but her weakness’ as well. The teacher is easily able to relay information in simple terms so that the children can understand as well do things such as creating games and trivia in order to make the lesson more exciting. Some weakness’s or improvements that the teacher can make includes being able to connect with the students on a closer level in order to truly help them understand the topic as well as finding new and creative ways to reward the kids when they answer questions correctly. At the end of the lesson, the students were asked to take a short survey regarding how well the teacher taught the lesson as well as how much the kids enjoyed it. Though the teacher received high scores from each child, she knows that there is still room for improvement and is determined to make these changes for the next teaching session that may occur.

WITH REFERENCE TO TWO AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE DISCUSS THE WAY IN WHICH Essay

WITH REFERENCE TO TWO AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE DISCUSS THE WAY IN WHICH SHARED KNOWLEDGE CAN SHAPE PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE - Essay Example Shared knowledge is structured and systematic in its nature and it is an outcome of more than one individual. Shared knowledge is bound together in more or less distinct sections of knowledge, for instance, familiar groups of subjects studied in undergraduate program. Whereas individuals contribute to the distinct areas, shared knowledge does not depend only upon the contributions of a given individual. There are chances for other individuals to check and implement individual contributions and add to the body of knowledge that already occurs. For, instance, Chemistry is a subject with knowledge that is shared. Many individuals have access to it and can contribute proficiently to it. Teams of people, building on existing knowledge, undertake the great work. Despite the individual contribution to the body of knowledge, their work is subject to group processes such as review and replication of results of experimental results before it becomes the final paper. The building of computer al so requires shared knowledge. It is surprising to have individual who has the knowledge of constructing a compute from scratch. That is, not assembling it from pre-constructed components. Though we know how to assemble computers. The product of computer is because of a complex worldwide cooperative effort. Shared knowledge evolves over time due to the continued applications of the methods of inquiry; all processes covered by the framework of knowledge. For instance, applying the methodology that belongs to an area of knowledge changes the existing idea that we know. The changes might be slow or incremental; the areas of knowledge contain certain stability over a given duration. The changes might also be sudden or dramatic; revolutionary swing in knowledge because an area of knowledge responds to new experimental results. Therefore, shared knowledge allows